Editing Espresso (section)

==Etymology and spelling==
Some English dictionaries translate ''espresso'' as 'pressed-out',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Oxford English Dictionary | title = espresso | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50078079/50078079spg1 | access-date = 30 October 2009 | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University press }}</ref> but the word also conveys the senses of ''expressly for you'' and ''quickly'':

{{blockquote|The words ''express'', ''expres'' and ''espresso'' each have several meanings in English, French and Italian. The first meaning is to do with the idea of "expressing" ("pressing out of") or squeezing the flavour from the coffee using the pressure of the steam. The second meaning is to do with speed, as in a train. Finally there is the notion of doing something "expressly" for a person&nbsp;... The first Bezzera and Pavoni espresso machines in 1906 took 45 seconds to make a cup of coffee, one at a time, expressly for you.{{sfn|Bersten|1993|page=99}} }}

Modern espresso, using hot water under pressure, as pioneered by [[Gaggia]] in the 1940s, was originally called ''[[crema caffè]]'' ({{literally|cream coffee}}), as seen on old Gaggia machines, due to the crema.{{sfn|Morris|2007}}

The spelling ''expresso'' is mostly considered incorrect, although some sources call it a less common variant.<ref name=diction>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/expresso|title=Expresso |work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> It is common in French and Portuguese. Italy uses the term ''espresso'', substituting ''s'' for most ''x'' letters in [[Latin]]-root words, with the term deriving from the past participle of the Italian verb ''esprimere'', itself derived from the Latin ''exprimere'', which means 'to express', and refers to the process by which hot water is forced under pressure through ground coffee;<ref name="philips">{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.it/c-e/ho/articolo/caffe/suggerimenti-caffe/come-preparare-un-caffe-espresso-perfetto.html|title=Qual è il caffè espresso perfetto e come va bevuto?|access-date=13 June 2022|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is it espresso or expresso? Yes |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/espresso-vs-expresso-usage-history |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref> ''x'' is not considered part of the standard [[Italian orthography#Alphabet|Italian alphabet]]. Italians commonly refer to espresso simply as ''[[Coffee in Italy|caffè]]'' ({{literally|coffee}}), espresso being the ordinary coffee to order. The same happens in Portugal (''café''), with some regional variations (''[[Bica (coffee)|bica]]'' in [[Lisbon]] and ''cimbalino'' traditionally in [[Porto]]). In Spain, while ''café expreso'' is seen as the more formal denomination, ''café solo'' (alone, without milk) is the usual way to ask for it at an espresso bar. Some sources state that ''expresso'' is an incorrect spelling, including ''Garner's Modern American Usage''.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/08/18/espresso_or_expresso_the_x_spelling_actually_has_considerable_historical.html|title=Espresso or expresso? The x spelling actually has considerable historical precedent|author=Ben Yagoda|date=18 August 2014|work=Slate Magazine}}</ref> While the 'expresso' spelling is recognized as mainstream usage in some American dictionaries,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expresso Expresso. Merriam-webster.com (13 August 2010). Retrieved on 13 February 2011]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/expresso Expresso | Define Expresso at Dictionary.com]. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 13 February 2011.</ref> some cooking websites call the 'x' variant illegitimate.<ref>[http://homecooking.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/faqespresso.htm What is espresso? Or is it expresso?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075353/http://homecooking.about.com/od/cookingfaqs/f/faqespresso.htm |date=7 July 2011 }}. Homecooking.about.com (14 June 2010). Retrieved on 13 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.espressopeople.com/guides/espresso/whatis What is Espresso]. Espresso People. Retrieved on 13 February 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901142626/http://www.espressopeople.com/guides/espresso/whatis |date=1 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://espresso.net/blog/expresso-or-espresso/|title=The Great Debate: Espresso vs. Expresso|work=Espresso Blog|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074645/https://espresso.net/blog/expresso-or-espresso/|archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Oxford Dictionaries online states: "The spelling ''expresso'' is not used in the original Italian and is strictly incorrect, although it is common."<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054224/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/espresso?q=expresso Definition of espresso from Oxford Dictionaries Online]. Oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved on 13 February 2011.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' and ''Merriam-Webster'' call it a variant spelling.<ref name="slate.com"/> The ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' calls ''expresso'' a variant of ''espresso''.<ref name="etymonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=espresso+&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> The ''Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style'' (2000) describes the spelling ''expresso'' as "wrong", and specifies ''espresso'' as the only correct form.{{sfn|Garner|2000|pp=129–130}} The third edition of [[H. W. Fowler|Fowler]]'s ''[[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|Modern English Usage]]'', published by the [[Oxford University Press]] in 1996, noted that the form ''espresso'' "has entirely driven out the variant ''expresso'' (which was presumably invented under the impression that it meant 'fast, express')".{{sfn|Burchfield|1996|page=286}}