Editing Eskimo (section)

== <span id="Terminology"></span>Nomenclature ==

=== Etymology ===
{{Further|Native American name controversy}}
[[File:Inuit conf map.png|260px|thumb|Map of the [[Inuit Circumpolar Council]] of Eskimo peoples, showing the [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]] ([[Yup'ik]], [[Siberian Yupik]]) and [[Inuit]] ([[Iñupiat]], [[Inuvialuit]], [[Nunavut]], [[Nunavik]], [[Nunatsiavut]], [[Greenlandic Inuit]])]]
A variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origin of the word ''Eskimo''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donna |last=Patrick |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Language, Politics, and Social Interaction in an Inuit Community |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |pages=2– |isbn=978-3-11-089770-8 |oclc=1091560161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Hobson2004">{{cite book |editor-first=Archie |editor-last=Hobson |date=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Difficult Words |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=160– |isbn=978-0-19-517328-4 |oclc=250009148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_mNJiflwgC&pg=PA160 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="BackhouseHistory1999">{{cite book |first1=Constance |last1=Backhouse |author2=Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History |date=January 1, 1999 |title=Colour-coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=27– |isbn=978-0-8020-8286-2 |oclc=247186607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZlsTAH7GWIC&pg=PA27 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Steckley2008">{{cite book |first=John |last=Steckley |date=1 January 2008 |title=White Lies about the Inuit |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=21– |isbn=978-1-55111-875-8 |oclc=1077854782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-osjdNH3g8C&pg=PA21 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="McElroy 2007 p. 8">{{cite book |last=McElroy |first=A. |title=Nunavut Generations: Change and Continuity in Canadian Inuit Communities |publisher=[[Waveland Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4786-0961-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WkbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date=November 5, 2021 |page=8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Dorais2010">{{cite book |first=Louis-Jacques |last=Dorais |date=2010 |title=Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] - MQUP |pages=297– |isbn=978-0-7735-3646-3 |oclc=1048661404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkfdQpHUdh4C&pg=PA297 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> According to Smithsonian linguist [[Ives Goddard]], etymologically the word derives from the [[Innu-aimun]] (Montagnais) word {{lang|moe|ayas̆kimew}}, meaning 'a person who laces a [[snowshoe]]',<ref name="ENBR" /><ref name="kaplannew">{{Cite web |title=Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use? |publisher=[[Alaska Native Language Center]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] |url=https://uaf.edu/anlc/research-and-resources/resources/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=www.uaf.edu |first=Lawrence |last=Kaplan |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133641/https://uaf.edu/anlc/research-and-resources/resources/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Goddard">{{cite book |first=R. H. Ives |last=Goddard |chapter=Synonymy |editor=David Damas |title=Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 5 Arctic |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0874741858 |pages=5–7 }}</ref> and is related to ''[[husky]]'' (a breed of dog).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The word {{lang|moe|assime·w}} means 'she laces a snowshoe' in Innu, and [[Innu language]] speakers refer to the neighbouring [[Mi'kmaq]] people using words that sound like ''eskimo''.<ref name="goddard">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |chapter=Synonymy |editor=William C. Sturtevant |title=Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 5 Arctic |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1984 |pages=5–7 }} Cited in Campbell 1997</ref><ref name="campbell">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |page=394 |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref> This interpretation is generally confirmed by more recent academic sources.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holst |first=Jan Henrik |date=May 10, 2022 |editor1-last=Danler |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Harjus |editor2-first=Jannis |title=Las Lenguas De Las Americas - the Languages of the Americas |publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin |pages=13–26 |chapter=A Survey of Eskimo-Aleut Languages |isbn=978-3-8325-5279-4}}</ref>

In 1978, [[José Mailhot]], a Quebec anthropologist who speaks Innu-aimun (Montagnais), published a paper suggesting that ''Eskimo'' meant 'people who speak a different language'.<ref name="mailhot1">{{cite journal |last=Mailhot |first=José |author-link=José Mailhot |year=1978 |title=L'étymologie de «Esquimau» revue et corrigée |journal=Études Inuit/Inuit Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=59–70 }}</ref><ref name="creeml" /> French traders who encountered the [[Innu]] (Montagnais) in the eastern areas adopted their word for the more western peoples and spelled it as {{lang|fr|Esquimau}} or {{lang|fr|Esquimaux}} in a transliteration.<ref name="EII" />

Some people consider ''Eskimo'' offensive, because it is popularly perceived to mean<ref name="creeml">{{cite web |url=http://www.nisto.com/cree/mail/cree-1997-11.txt |title=Cree Mailing List Digest November 1997 |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2012-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620033446/http://nisto.com/cree/mail/cree-1997-11.txt}}</ref><ref name="mailhot">{{cite journal |last=Mailhot |first=José |author-link=José Mailhot |title=L'etymologie de "esquimau" revue et corrigée |language=fr |trans-title=The etymology of "eskimo" revised and corrected |journal=Études/Inuit/Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=1978}}</ref><ref name="igoddard">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |author-link=Ives Goddard |title=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=5 (Arctic) |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-16-004580-6}}</ref> 'eaters of raw meat' in [[Algonquian languages]] common to people along the Atlantic coast.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="natlang">{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/iaq23.htm |title=Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree? |publisher=Native-languages.org |access-date=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref name="bartlebyeskimo">{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/24/E0212400.html |title=Eskimo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010412155403/http://www.bartleby.com/61/24/E0212400.html |archive-date=2001-04-12 |publisher=Bartleby |work=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 |access-date=January 13, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> An unnamed [[Cree]] speaker suggested the original word that became corrupted to Eskimo might have been {{lang|cr|askamiciw}} (meaning 'he eats it raw'); Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as {{lang|cr|askipiw}} (meaning 'eats something raw').<ref name="natlang" /><ref name="bartlebyeskimo" /><ref name="stern1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UHTsUmt1PEC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Inuit |first=Pamela R. |last=Stern |access-date=June 13, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8108-6556-3 |date=July 27, 2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="ostg1">{{cite web |first1=Robert |last1=Peroni |first2=Birgit |last2=Veith |url=http://www.ostgroenland-hilfe.de/en/projekt.html |title=Ostgroenland-Hilfe Project |publisher=Ostgroenland-hilfe.de |access-date=June 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318173645/http://www.ostgroenland-hilfe.de/en/projekt.html |archive-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="publications" /><ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry=Eskimo |dictionary=Oxford Dictionary |via=Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/eskimo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210154048/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/eskimo |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Regardless, the term still carries a derogatory connotation for many Inuit and Yupik.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="natlang" /><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/04/24/475129558/why-you-probably-shouldnt-say-eskimo |title=Why You Probably Shouldn't Say 'Eskimo' |first=Rebecca |last=Hersher |date=April 24, 2016 |newspaper=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name="global">{{Cite news |last=Purdy |first=Chris |date=November 27, 2015 |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2366689/expert-says-meat-eater-name-eskimo-an-offensive-term-placed-on-inuit/ |title=Expert says 'meat-eater' name Eskimo an offensive term placed on Inuit |work=[[Global News]] }}</ref>

One of the first printed uses of the French word {{lang|fr|Esquimaux}} comes from [[Samuel Hearne]]'s ''A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772'' first published in 1795.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38404/38404-h/38404-h.htm |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne. |via=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>

=== Usage ===
[[File:Кожаный панцирь.jpg|thumb|[[Laminar armour]] from hardened leather reinforced by wood and bones worn by [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|native Siberians]] and Eskimos]]
[[File:Koryak armor.jpeg|thumb|[[Lamellar armour]] worn by [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|native Siberians]]]]

The term ''Eskimo'' is still used by people to encompass Inuit and Yupik, as well as other Indigenous or Alaska Native and Siberian peoples.<ref name="ENBR" /><ref name="NPR" /><ref name="mweb">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eskimo |title=Eskimo: Websters Dictionary |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> In the 21st century, usage in North America has declined.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="global" /> Linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences exist between Yupik and Inuit.

In Canada and Greenland, and to a certain extent in Alaska, the term ''Eskimo'' is predominantly seen as offensive and has been widely replaced by the term ''Inuit''{{hsp}}<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="stern1" /><ref name="ostg1" /><ref name="ahdinuit">Usage note, [https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Inuit "Inuit"], ''American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'': Fourth Edition, 2000</ref> or terms specific to a particular group or community.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="Waite2013">{{cite book |first=Maurice |last=Waite |title=Pocket Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqKcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-966615-7 |page=305 |quote=Some people regard the word Eskimo as offensive, and the peoples inhabiting the regions of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska prefer to call themselves Inuit |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="SvartvikLeech2016">{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Svartvik |first2=Geoffrey |last2=Leech |title=English – One Tongue, Many Voices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |isbn=978-1-137-16007-2 |page=97 |quote=Today, the term "Eskimo" is viewed as the "non preferred term". Some Inuit find the term offensive or derogatory. |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2016/05/23/obama-signs-measure-to-get-rid-of-the-word-eskimo-in-federal-laws/ |title=Obama signs measure to get rid of the word 'Eskimo' in federal laws |date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> This has resulted in a trend whereby some non-Indigenous people believe that they should use ''Inuit'' even for Yupik who are non-[[Inuit]].<ref name="kaplannew" />

[[Greenlandic Inuit]] generally refer to themselves as Greenlanders ({{lang|kl|Kalaallit}} or {{lang|da-GL|Grønlændere}}) and speak the [[Greenlandic language]] and Danish.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="ethno">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kal "Inuktitut, Greenlandic".] ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 6 Aug 2012.</ref> Greenlandic Inuit belong to three groups: the [[Kalaallit]] of west Greenland, who speak [[West Greenlandic|Kalaallisut]];<ref name="ethno" /> the [[Tunumiit]] of [[Tunu]] (east Greenland), who speak [[Tunumiit language|Tunumiit oraasiat]] ("East Greenlandic"); and the [[Inughuit]] of north Greenland, who speak [[Inuktun]].

The word ''Eskimo'' is a racially charged term in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/eskimo-pie-name-change-1.5620201 |title=Eskimo Pie owner to change ice cream's name, acknowledging derogatory term |date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=September 25, 2020 |quote=The U.S. owner of Eskimo Pie ice cream will change the product's brand name and marketing, it told Reuters on Friday, becoming the latest company to rethink racially charged brand imagery amid a broad debate on racial injustice.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/edmonton-eskimos-team-name-july8-1.5641937 |title=Edmonton CFL team heeds sponsors' calls, accelerates review of potential name change |date=July 8, 2020 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=September 25, 2020 |quote=Edmonton's team has seen repeated calls for a name change in the past, and faces renewed criticism as sports teams in Canada, the United States and elsewhere are urged to remove outdated and sometimes racist names and images.}}</ref> In Canada's Central Arctic, {{lang|ik|Inuinnaq}} is the preferred term,<ref name="translate">{{cite book |last1=Ohokak |first1=G. |first2=M. |last2=Kadlun |first3=B. |last3=Harnum |title=Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary |publisher=Kitikmeot Heritage Society}}</ref> and in the eastern Canadian Arctic {{lang|iu|Inuit}}. The language is often called ''[[Inuktitut]]'', though other local designations are also used.

[[Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 25]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html |title=Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |work=[[Department of Justice Canada]] |access-date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] and [[Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982|section 35]]<ref name="defe">{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-16.html |title=Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada |work=[[Department of Justice Canada]] |access-date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> of the [[Constitution Act, 1982|Canadian Constitution Act of 1982]] recognized Inuit as a distinctive group of [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples in Canada]]. Although ''Inuit'' can be applied to all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia. In Alaska, the term ''Eskimo'' is still used because it includes both [[Iñupiat]] (singular: Iñupiaq), who are Inuit, and [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]], who are not.<ref name="kaplannew" />

The term ''[[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]]'' is inclusive of (and under U.S. and Alaskan law, as well as the linguistic and cultural legacy of Alaska, refers to) all Indigenous peoples of Alaska,<ref name="Company2005"/> including not only the Iñupiat (Alaskan Inuit) and the Yupik, but also groups such as the Aleut, who share a recent ancestor, as well as the largely unrelated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2012/jul/native-american-populations-descend-three-key-migrations |title=Native American populations descend from three key migrations |date=July 12, 2012 |website=UCL News |publisher=[[University College London]] |access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref> [[indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]] and the [[Alaskan Athabaskans]], such as the [[Eyak people]]. The term ''Alaska Native'' has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the [[Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act]] of 1971. It does not apply to Inuit or Yupik originating outside the state. As a result, the term Eskimo is still in use in Alaska.<ref name="Stern2013">{{cite book |first=Pamela R. |last=Stern |title=Historical Dictionary of the Inuit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7912-6 |page=2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="ENBR">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eskimo-people |entry=Eskimo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Inuit &#124; Definition, History, Culture, & Facts &#124; Britannica |date=28 April 2023 }}</ref> Alternative terms, such as ''Inuit-Yupik'', have been proposed,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |year=2018 |chapter=Place naming strategies in Inuit-Yupik and Dene languages in Alaska |editor1-first=Kenneth L. |editor1-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Scott |editor2-last=Heyes |title=Language, memory and landscape: Experiences from the boreal forest to the tundra |pages=1–27 |location=Calgary |publisher=[[University of Calgary Press]]}}</ref> but none has gained widespread acceptance. Early 21st century population estimates registered more than 135,000 individuals of Eskimo descent, with approximately 85,000 living in North America, 50,000 in Greenland, and the rest residing in Siberia.<ref name="ENBR" />

=== Inuit Circumpolar Council ===
In 1977, the [[Inuit Circumpolar Council|Inuit Circumpolar Conference]] (ICC) meeting in Barrow, Alaska (now [[Utqiaġvik, Alaska]]), officially adopted ''Inuit'' as a designation for all circumpolar Native peoples, regardless of their local view on an appropriate term. They voted to replace the word ''Eskimo'' with ''Inuit''.<ref name="MacKenzie 2014 p. 60">{{cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=S. |title=Films on Ice: Cinemas of the Arctic |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |series=Traditions in World Cinema |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7486-9418-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXAxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |access-date=5 Nov 2021 |page=60 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Even at that time, such a designation was not accepted by all.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="EII">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskan-natives.com/2166/eskimo-inuit-inupiaq-terms-thing/|title=Eskimo, Inuit, and Inupiaq: Do these terms mean the same thing?}}</ref> As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the term ''Eskimo'' with {{lang|iu|Inuit}} ({{lang|iu|Inuk}} in singular).

The ICC charter defines ''Inuit'' as including "the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, [[Inuvialuit]] (Canada), [[Kalaallit]] (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia)".<ref name="ICCcharter">{{cite web |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/icc-charter/ |title=ICC Charter |date=3 January 2019 |publisher=[[Inuit Circumpolar Council]] |access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> Despite the ICC's 1977 decision to adopt the term ''Inuit'', this has not been accepted by all or even most Yupik people.<ref name="MacKenzie 2014 p. 60" />

In 2010, the ICC passed a resolution in which they implored scientists to use ''Inuit'' and ''Paleo-Inuit'' instead of ''Eskimo'' or ''Paleo-Eskimo''.<ref name="ICC2010-01">{{cite web |author=Inuit Circumpolar Council |title=On the use of the term Inuit in scientific and other circles |type=Resolution 2010-01 |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/iccexcouncilresolutiononterminuit.pdf |date=2010}}</ref>

==== Academic response ====
In a 2015 commentary in the journal ''[[Arctic (journal)|Arctic]]'', Canadian archaeologist Max Friesen argued fellow Arctic archaeologists should follow the ICC and use ''Paleo-Inuit'' instead of ''Paleo-Eskimo''.<ref name="Friesen, 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Friesen |first1=T. Max |title=On the Naming of Arctic Archaeological Traditions: The Case for Paleo-Inuit |journal=[[Arctic (journal)|Arctic]] |date=2015 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=iii–iv |doi=10.14430/arctic4504 |doi-access=free |hdl=10515/sy5sj1b75 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In 2016, Lisa Hodgetts and ''Arctic'' editor Patricia Wells wrote: "In the Canadian context, continued use of any term that incorporates ''Eskimo'' is potentially harmful to the relationships between archaeologists and the Inuit and Inuvialuit communities who are our hosts and increasingly our research partners."

Hodgetts and Wells suggested using more specific terms when possible (e.g., [[Dorset culture|Dorset]] and [[Groswater Bay#Legacy|Groswater]]) and agreed with Frieson in using the ''Inuit tradition'' to replace ''Neo-Eskimo'', although they noted replacement for ''Palaeoeskimo'' was still an open question and discussed ''Paleo-Inuit'', ''Arctic Small Tool Tradition'', and ''pre-Inuit'', as well as Inuktitut loanwords like {{lang|iu|Tuniit}} and {{lang|iu|Sivullirmiut}}, as possibilities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgetts |first1=Lisa |last2=Wells |first2=Patricia |title=Priscilla Renouf Remembered: An Introduction to the Special Issue with a Note on Renaming the Palaeoeskimo Tradition |journal=Arctic |date=2016 |volume=69 |issue=5 |doi=10.14430/arctic4678 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2020, Katelyn Braymer-Hayes and colleagues argued in the ''[[Journal of Anthropological Archaeology]]'' that there is a "clear need" to replace the terms ''Neo-Eskimo'' and ''Paleo-Eskimo'', citing the ICC resolution, but finding a consensus within the Alaskan context particularly is difficult, since [[Alaska Natives]] do not use the word ''Inuit'' to describe themselves nor is the term legally applicable only to Iñupiat and Yupik in Alaska, and as such, terms used in Canada like ''Paleo Inuit'' and ''Ancestral Inuit'' would not be acceptable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Braymer-Hayes |first1=Katelyn |last2=Anderson |first2=Shelby L. |last3=Alix |first3=Claire |last4=Darwent |first4=Christyann M. |last5=Darwent |first5=John |last6=Mason |first6=Owen K. |last7=Norman |first7=Lauren Y.E. |title=Studying pre-colonial gendered use of space in the Arctic: Spatial analysis of ceramics in Northwestern Alaska |journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Archaeology]] |date=2020 |volume=58 |page=101165 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101165 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

American linguist [[Lenore Grenoble]] has also explicitly deferred to the ICC resolution and used ''Inuit–Yupik'' instead of ''Eskimo'' with regards to the language branch.<ref name="Grenoble, 2016">{{cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore A. |author-link=Lenore Grenoble |editor1-last=Day |editor1-first=Delyn |editor2-last=Rewi |editor2-first=Poia |editor2-link=Poia Rewi |editor3-last=Higgins |editor3-first=Rawinia |editor3-link=Rawinia Higgins |title=The Journeys of Besieged Languages |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-9943-7 |page=284 |chapter=Kalaallisut: The Language of Greenland}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenoble |first1=Lenore A. |editor1-last=Hinton |editor1-first=Leanne |editor2-last=Huss |editor2-first=Leena |editor3-last=Roche |editor3-first=Gerald |title=The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781315561271 |page=353 |chapter=Arctic Indigenous Languages: Vitality and Revitalization |hdl=10072/380836 |isbn=978-1-315-56127-1|s2cid=150673555 }}</ref>