Editing Erich Fromm (section)

==Life==
Erich Fromm was born on March 23, 1900, at [[Frankfurt am Main]], the only child of Rosa (Krause) and Naphtali Fromm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lib.msu.edu/branches/ua/|title=MSU Libraries|website=lib.msu.edu}}</ref> He started his academic studies in 1918 at the [[University of Frankfurt am Main]] with two semesters of [[jurisprudence]]. During the summer semester of 1919, Fromm studied at the [[University of Heidelberg]], where he began studying [[sociology]] under [[Alfred Weber]] (brother of sociologist [[Max Weber]]), psychiatrist-philosopher [[Karl Jaspers]], and [[Heinrich Rickert]]. Fromm received his [[Ph.D.]] in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922 with a dissertation under the title ''Das jüdische Gesetz. Ein Beitrag zur Soziologie des Diaspora-Judentums'' (''The Jewish Law: A Contribution to the Sociology of Jewish Diaspora'').

Fromm at the time became strongly involved in [[Zionism]], under the influence of the religious Zionist rabbi Nehemia Anton Nobel.<ref>Klaus Widerström: ''Einführung in das Leben Erich Fromms.'' Erich Fromm Dokumentationszentrum, 2013 [https://www.fromm-gesellschaft.eu/images/pdf-Dateien/Widerstroem_K_2013.pdf]</ref>  He was very active in Jewish ''[[Studentenverbindung]]en'' and other Zionist organisations.
But he soon turned away from Zionism, saying that it conflicted with his ideal of a "universalist Messianism and Humanism".<ref>Alfred Lévy: ''Erich Fromm: Humanist zwischen Tradition und Utopie''. Königshausen & Neumann, 2002, ISBN 978-3-8260-2242-5, p.&nbsp;13.</ref>

During the mid-1920s, he trained to become a [[psychoanalyst]] through [[Frieda Reichmann]]'s psychoanalytic sanatorium in [[Heidelberg]]. They married in 1926, but separated shortly after and divorced in 1942. He began his own clinical practice in 1927. In 1930 he joined the Frankfurt [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research|Institute for Social Research]] and completed his psychoanalytical training.

After the Nazi takeover of power in Germany, Fromm moved first to [[Geneva]] and then, in 1934, to [[Columbia University]] in New York. Together with [[Karen Horney]] and [[Harry Stack Sullivan]], Fromm belongs to a [[Neo-Freudian]] school of psychoanalytical thought. Horney and Fromm each had a marked influence on the other's thought, with Horney illuminating some aspects of  psychoanalysis for Fromm and the latter elucidating sociology for Horney. Their relationship ended in the late 1930s.<ref>Paris, Bernard J. (1998) [http://plaza.ufl.edu/bjparis/horney/fadiman/02_pers.html Horney & Humanistic Psychoanalysis – Personal History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523164003/http://plaza.ufl.edu/bjparis/horney/fadiman/02_pers.html |date=May 23, 2011 }}. International Karen Horney Society.</ref> After leaving Columbia, Fromm helped form the New York branch of the Washington School of Psychiatry in 1943, and in 1946 co-founded the [[William Alanson White Institute]] of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Psychology. He was on the faculty of [[Bennington College]] from 1941 to 1949, and taught courses at the [[The New School|New School for Social Research]] in New York from 1941 to 1959.

When Fromm moved to [[Mexico City]] in 1949, he became a professor at the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM) and established a psychoanalytic section at the medical school there. Meanwhile, he taught as a professor of psychology at [[Michigan State University]] from 1957 to 1961 and as an adjunct professor of psychology at the graduate division of Arts and Sciences at [[New York University]] after 1962. He taught at UNAM until his retirement, in 1965, and at the Mexican Society of Psychoanalysis (SMP) until 1974. In 1974, he moved from Mexico City to [[Muralto]], Switzerland, and died at his home in 1980, five days before his eightieth birthday. All the while, Fromm maintained his own clinical practice and published a series of books.

Fromm was reportedly an atheist<ref name=Davidson>Keay Davidson: "Fromm, Erich Pinchas", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008)</ref>{{Refn|About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist.<ref name=Davidson />|name=|group=n}} but described his position as "[[nontheistic religion|nontheistic]] [[mysticism]]".<ref>Fromm, E. (1966). You shall be as Gods, A Fawcett Premier Book, p. 18:"Hence, I wish to make my position clear at the outset. If I could define my position approximately, I would call it that of a nontheistic mysticism."</ref>