Editing Engrish (section)

==Japanese Engrish / Japanglish==
Japanese and English have significantly different grammar: [[Japanese language#Sentence structure|Japanese word order]], the [[Pro-drop language|frequent omission]] of [[subject (grammar)|subjects]] in Japanese, the absence of [[article (grammar)|articles]], a near-complete absence of [[consonant cluster]]s, and [[Japanese speakers learning r and l|difficulties in distinguishing /l/ and /r/]], or /θ/ and /s/ sounds, all contribute to substantial problems using Standard English effectively.<ref name="Dougill1">{{cite journal|last=Dougill|first=John|title=Japan and English as an alien language|journal=[[English Today]]|year=2008|volume=24|issue=1|pages=18–22|url=http://student.pfmb.uni-mb.si/~mhjurisic/John%20Dougill.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0266078408000059|s2cid=145471291|access-date=2013-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317014827/http://student.pfmb.uni-mb.si/~mhjurisic/John%20Dougill.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Japanese people have tended to score comparatively poorly on international tests of English.<ref name="Kowner1">{{cite journal|last=Kowner |first=Rotem |author-link=Rotem Kowner |title=Japanese Miscommunication with Foreigners: In Search for Valid Accounts and Effective Remedies |journal=Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts für Japanstudien |year=2003 |volume=15 |pages=117–151 |url=http://east-asia.haifa.ac.il/staff/kovner/(16)Kowner2003b.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801044152/http://east-asia.haifa.ac.il/staff/kovner/(16)Kowner2003b.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-01 }}</ref>

Further, English is frequently used in Japan (and elsewhere) for aesthetic rather than functional purposes;<ref name="Ikeshima1">{{cite journal|last=Ikeshima|first=Jayne Hildebrand|title=Some perspectives on the phenomenon of "Engrish"|journal=Keio Journal of International Studies|date=July 2005|volume=15|pages=185–198|url=http://www.u-keiai.ac.jp/issn/menu/ronbun/no15/u050708_ikeshima.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080429/http://www.u-keiai.ac.jp/issn/menu/ronbun/no15/u050708_ikeshima.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> i.e., for Japanese consumption, not for English speakers ''per se'', as a way of appearing "smart, sophisticated and modern", in much the same way as Japanese and similar writing scripts are used in Western fashion.<ref name="Dougill2">{{cite journal|last=Dougill|first=John|title=English as a decorative language|journal=English Today|year=1987|volume=3|issue=4|pages=33–35|doi=10.1017/S0266078400003126|s2cid=145079203 }}</ref> Such decorative English is not meant to be read and understood by native English speakers, so emphasis is not placed on coherence or accuracy.<ref name="Melin1">{{cite journal|last=Melin|first=Tracy|author2=Rey, Nina|title=Emphasizing Foreign Language Use to International Marketing Students: A Situational Exercise That Mimics Real-World Challenges|journal=Global Business Languages|year=2005|volume=10|pages=13–25|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=gbl|quote=there is often no attempt to try to get it right, nor do the vast majority of the Japanese population ever attempt to read the English design element in question. There is therefore less emphasis on spelling and grammatical accuracy.}}</ref>

The Japanese language also makes extensive use of loanwords, especially from English in recent decades, and these words are transliterated into a Japanese form of pronunciation using the [[katakana]] syllabary. Japanese speakers may thus only be familiar with the Japanese pronunciation or Japanese meaning, rather than its original pronunciation or meaning. This is particularly the case when the source English word contains sounds or sound clusters which have no equivalent in katakana.{{cn|date=March 2025}}