Editing Emotional intelligence (section)

== History ==
The concept of ''emotional strength'' was introduced by [[Abraham Maslow]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhani|first=Priyam|name-list-style=vanc|date=5 March 2021|title=Emotional Intelligence: History, Models, and Measures|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305815636|website=Research Gate}}</ref> The term "emotional intelligence" may have first appeared in a 1964 paper by Michael Beldoch<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|vauthors=Beldoch M|date=1964|chapter=Sensitivity to expression of emotional meaning in three modes of communication|veditors=Davitz JR, etal|title=The Communication of Emotional Meaning | publisher =  McGraw-Hill | pages = 31–42 }}
|2={{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKqQM3CLAyQC&pg=PA121|title=Contributions to social interactions: Social Encounters | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780202368979 | veditors = Argyle M | vauthors = Beldoch M |chapter=Sensitivity to Expression of Emotional Meaning in Three Modes of Communication|publisher=Transaction Publishers}}
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beldoch |first1=Michael |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106000103371 |title=The communication of emotional meaning |last2=Davitz |first2=Joel Robert |date=1976 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780837185279 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=39 |oclc=647368022 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> and a 1966 paper by B. Leuner.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leuner B | year = 1966 | title = Emotional intelligence and emancipation | journal = Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie | volume = 15 | pages = 193–203 }}</ref>

In 1983, [[Howard Gardner]]'s ''Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences'' introduced the idea that traditional types of intelligence, such as [[IQ]], fail to fully explain cognitive ability.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frames of mind |vauthors=Gardner H |date=1983 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York}}</ref> He introduced the idea of [[multiple intelligences]], which included both interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence, which he respectively defined as the capacity to understand others and oneself.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | vauthors = Smith MK |date=2002 |url=https://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/ |title=Howard Gardner, multiple intelligences and education |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Informal Education |access-date=2005-11-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102035039/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm |archive-date=2005-11-02 }}</ref>

The first published use of the term ''EQ'' (emotional quotient) is in an article by Keith Beasley in 1987 in the [[Mensa International|British Mensa]] magazine.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beasley K | title = The Emotional Quotient. | journal = Mensa | date = May 1987 | page = 25 | url = http://www.keithbeasley.co.uk/EQ/Original%20EQ%20article.pdf }}</ref>

In 1989, [[Stanley Greenspan]] proposed a model to describe EI. The following year, [[Peter Salovey]] and John Mayer proposed another model.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Salovey P, Mayer JD | year = 1989 | title = Emotional intelligence | url = http://ei.yale.edu/journal/imagination-cognition-and-personality/ | journal = Imagination, Cognition, and Personality | volume = 9 | issue = 3| pages = 185–211 | doi=10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg| hdl = 10654/36316 | s2cid = 219900460 }}</ref>

The term became widely known with the publication of [[Daniel Goleman|Daniel Goleman's]] 1995 book: ''Emotional Intelligence – Why it can matter more than IQ''.<ref name="Goleman_1995">{{cite book | vauthors = Goleman D |author-link=Daniel Goleman |year=1996 |title=Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-38371-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/emotionalintelli00dani }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Dan|last= Schawbel|name-list-style=vanc |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2011/09/15/daniel-goleman-on-leadership-and-the-power-of-emotional-intelligence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104185806/http://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2011/09/15/daniel-goleman-on-leadership-and-the-power-of-emotional-intelligence |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Daniel Goleman on Leadership and The Power of Emotional Intelligence – Forbes |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref> Goleman followed up with several similar publications that reinforce use of the term.<ref name="Goleman_1998">{{cite book |title=Working with emotional intelligence. |vauthors=Goleman D |publisher=Bantam Books |year=1998 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book | vauthors = Lantieri L, Goleman D | date = 2008 | title = Building Emotional Intelligence: Techniques to Cultivate Inner Strength in Children | publisher = Sounds True | isbn = 978-1-59179-849-1 }}
|2={{cite book | vauthors = Goleman D | date = 2011 | title = The Brain and Emotional Intelligence: New Insights | publisher = More Than Sound | isbn = 978-1-934441-15-2 }}
|3={{cite book | vauthors = Goleman D | date = 2011 | title = Leadership: The Power of Emotional Intelligence | publisher = More Than Sound}}
}}</ref> Late in 1998, Goleman's ''Harvard Business Review'' article entitled "What Makes a Leader?"<ref name="hbr98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goleman et al. |date=2023 |title=What Makes a Leader? |journal=Harvard Business Review |volume=76 |pages=92–105}}</ref> caught the attention of senior management at [[Johnson & Johnson|Johnson & Johnson's Consumer Companies]]. The article argued that EI comprised the skills and characteristics that drive leadership performance.<ref name="hbr98" /> Johnson & Johnson funded a study which concluded that there was a strong relationship between superior performing leaders and [[emotional competence]], supporting theorists' suggestions that the EI is a distinguishing factor in leadership performance.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Cavallo K, Brienza D|title=Emotional Competence and Leadership Excellence at Johnson & Johnson: The Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Study |url=http://www.eiconsortium.org/reports/jj_ei_study.html |website=Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations |access-date=8 September 2020 |date=2001}}</ref>

Tests measuring EI have not replaced IQ tests as a standard metric of intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Brown H|title=What is Emotional Intelligence and How to Improve it? (Definition + EQ Test) |url=https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/emotional-intelligence-eq/ |website=positivepsychologyprogram.com |access-date=3 February 2019 |date=14 November 2018}}</ref> In later research, EI has received criticism regarding its purported role in leadership and business success.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Tobak S|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-emotional-intelligence-is-just-a-fad/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128120307/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-57376240/why-emotional-intelligence-is-just-a-fad/ |archive-date=2012-11-28 |title=Why emotional intelligence is just a fad |website=[[CBS News]] |date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>