Editing Emil Julius Gumbel (section)

==Biography==
Born to a prominent Jewish family in Württemberg, Gumbel graduated in mathematics from the [[University of Munich]], completing his doctoral thesis on the topic of population statistics shortly before the outbreak of the [[First World War]].<ref>{{cite book|year=1990|editor1-last=Brenner|editor1-first=Arthur|title=A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Emil J. Gumbel Collection: Political Papers of an Anti-Nazi Scholar in Weimar and Exile, 1914–1966|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/11130_EmilJ.Gumbel.pdf|location=New York|publisher=Leo Back Institute|page=xi|isbn=978-1-55655-212-0}}</ref><ref name="BrennerCh01" /> After a short period of military service, he was discharged in 1915 on medical grounds and he joined the University of Berlin to work with the prominent Russian statistician [[Ladislaus Bortkiewicz|Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz]].<ref name="BrennerCh02">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} Chapter 2.</ref> From this time onwards he became much more politically active. He joined the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democrat Party]] in 1917,<ref name="BrennerCh03">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} Chapter 3.</ref> and became a prominent member of the pacifist New Fatherland League which was later renamed the [[German League for Human Rights]].<ref name="BrennerCh02" /> In January 1918, Gumbel took up a position with the electronics company [[Telefunken]], researching sound transmitter waves, and he continued his political activities with the support of one of the firm's founders, [[Georg von Arco|Georg Count von Arco]], a prominent member of the human rights movement.<ref name="BrennerCh02" /> In 1922, Gumbel became Professor of [[Mathematical Statistics]] at the [[University of Heidelberg]], where he soon found that combining academic work with politics was much more controversial, resulting in protests by students and faculty members, who were mostly right-wing, and strong criticism in the right-wing press.<ref name="BrennerCh05">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} Chapter 5.</ref><ref name="BrennerCh06">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} Chapter 6.</ref>

Among the Nazis' most-hated public intellectuals, Gumbel was forced out of his position in Heidelberg in 1932. He then moved to France, where he taught at the [[École libre des hautes études]] in Paris, and in Lyon, as well as continuing his political activities and helping other refugees, until the [[Battle of France|German invasion]] of 1940.<ref name="BrennerCh07">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} Chapter 7.</ref> He then left Europe for the United States, where he taught at the [[New School for Social Research]] and [[Columbia University]] in New York City until his death in 1966.<ref name="LadyTastingTea">{{cite book |last1=Salsburg |first1=David |title=The Lady Tasting Tea |date=May 1, 2002 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |location=USA |isbn=0-8050-7134-2}}</ref>

When he died of lung cancer in 1966,<ref name="BrennerEpilogue">{{cite book|first=Arthur David |last=Brenner|title=Emil J. Gumbel: Weimar German Pacifist and Professor|isbn =978-0-391-04101-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTTTgpj31GQC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL }} p.191</ref> Gumbel's papers were made a part of ''The Emil J. Gumbel Collection, Political Papers of an Anti-Nazi Scholar in Weimar and Exile''. These papers include reels of microfilm that document his activities against the Nazis.<ref>More biographical details of Gumbel's opposition to Nazism can be found in [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/11130_EmilJ.Gumbel.pdf The Emil J. Gumbel Collection, Political Papers of an Anti-Nazi Scholar in Weimar and Exile]</ref>