Editing Elizabeth I (section)

==Early life==
[[File:HenryAndAnneBoleynPortraits.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Elizabeth's parents, [[Henry VIII]] and [[Anne Boleyn]]. Anne was executed within three years of Elizabeth's birth.]]

Elizabeth was born at [[Greenwich Palace]] on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers, [[Elizabeth of York]] and [[Lady Elizabeth Howard]].<ref>Somerset, 4.</ref> She was the second child of [[Henry VIII of England]] born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry VIII's second wife, [[Anne Boleyn]]. At birth, Elizabeth was the [[heir presumptive]] to the English throne. Her elder half-sister [[Mary I of England|Mary]] had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry [[annulled]] his marriage to Mary's mother, [[Catherine of Aragon]], to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession.<ref>Loades, 3–5.</ref><ref>Somerset, 4–5.</ref> She was baptised on 10 September 1533, and her godparents were [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; [[Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter]]; [[Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk]]; and [[Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset]]. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the infant by her uncle [[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford]]; [[John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford]]; [[Lord Thomas Howard]]; and [[William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley, Earl of Derby |first=Edward |title=Correspondence of Edward, Third Earl of Derby, During the Years 24 to 31 Henry VIII.: Preserved in a Ms. in the Possession of Miss Pfarington, of Worden Hall |date=1890 |publisher=Chetham Society |volume=19 |page=89}}</ref>

Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536,<ref>Loades, 6–7.</ref> four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession.{{Efn|An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate&nbsp;... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir&nbsp;... to [the King] by lineal descent".<ref>Somerset, 10.</ref>}} Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married [[Jane Seymour]]. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward]], who was the undisputed [[heir apparent]] to the throne. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the [[chrisom]], or baptismal cloth, at his christening.<ref>Loades, 7–8.</ref>

[[File:El bieta I lat 13.jpg|thumb|A rare portrait of a teenage Elizabeth prior to her accession, attributed to [[William Scrots]]. It was painted for her father in {{Circa}} 1546.]]

Elizabeth's first [[governess]], [[Margaret Bryan]], wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life".<ref>Somerset, 11. Jenkins (1957), 13</ref> [[Catherine Champernowne]], better known by her later, married name of Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her death in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth four languages: French, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], Italian, and Spanish.{{Sfnp|Weir|1997|page=7}} By the time [[William Grindal]] became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English, [[Latin]], and Italian. Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek.<ref name="L8">Loades, 8–10.</ref> By the age of 12, she was able to translate her stepmother [[Catherine Parr]]'s religious work ''[[Prayers or Meditations]]'' from English into Italian, Latin, and French, which she presented to her father as a [[New Year's Day gift (royal courts)|New Year's gift]].<ref name="Seth Sanders">{{Cite news |last=Sanders |first=Seth |date=10 October 2002 |title=Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I |publisher=University of Chicago Chronicle |url=http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228063115/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml |archive-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> From her teenage years and throughout her life, she translated works in Latin and Greek by numerous classical authors, including the ''[[Pro Marcello]]'' of [[Cicero]], the ''[[De consolatione philosophiae]]'' of [[Boethius]], a treatise by [[Plutarch]], and the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' of [[Tacitus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCall |first=Rosie |date=29 November 2019 |title=Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mystery-author-forgotten-tacitus-translation-elizabeth-i-1474704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110110438/https://www.newsweek.com/mystery-author-forgotten-tacitus-translation-elizabeth-i-1474704 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="Seth Sanders"/> A translation of Tacitus from [[Lambeth Palace]] Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Faulconbridge |first=Guy |date=29 November 2019 |title=Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English |publisher=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-royals-elizabethi/elizabeth-i-revealed-as-the-translator-of-tacitus-into-english-idUKKBN1Y30Y6 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224041110/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-royals-elizabethi/elizabeth-i-revealed-as-the-translator-of-tacitus-into-english-idUKKBN1Y30Y6 |archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor, [[Roger Ascham]], a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging.<ref>Somerset, 25.</ref> Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs.<ref name="L8"/> By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation.<ref>Loades, 21.</ref> At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Scots language|Scottish]], and [[Irish language]]s in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue".<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577 "Venice: April 1603"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413182850/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577 |date=13 April 2014}}, ''Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice'', Volume 9: 1592–1603 (1897), 562–570. Retrieved 22 March 2012.</ref> Historian [[Mark Stoyle]] suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by [[William Killigrew (Chamberlain of the Exchequer)|William Killigrew]], Groom of the Privy Chamber and later [[Chamberlain of the Exchequer]].<ref>[[Stoyle, Mark]]. ''West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State'', University of Exeter Press, 2002, p. 220.</ref>