Editing Eileen Chang (section)

==Life==

===Childhood and youth===
Chang was born Zhang Ying ({{lang|zh-hant|張煐}}) in Shanghai, China on September 30, 1920. She was the first child of Zhang Zhiyi ({{lang|zh-hant|張志沂}}; 1896–1953) and Huang Suqiong ({{lang|zh-hant|黃素瓊}}; 1893–1957). Chang's maternal great-grandfather, Huang Yisheng ({{lang|zh-hant|黃翼升}}; 1818–1894), was a prominent [[naval]] [[commander]]. Chang's paternal grandfather, [[Zhang Peilun]] (1848–1903) married Li Ju'ou ({{lang|zh-hant|李菊耦}}; 1866–1916) and was son-in-law to [[Li Hongzhang]], an influential Qing court official. She was also raised by her paternal aunt Zhang Maoyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|張茂淵}}; 1898–1991).<ref name="SUN1988"/>

In 1922, when Chang was two years old, the family relocated to [[Tianjin]]. When she was three, her father introduced her to [[Tang poetry]]. Beginning in 1924, her father often brought back prostitutes or [[concubines]] and became heavily addicted to [[opium]], which led to fights between her parents. During this time, Chang's mother decided to travel with her aunt to study in France.<ref name="SUN1988"/> In 1927,  after Chang's father promised to end his drug usage and extramarital affairs, Chang and her mother came back and settled in Shanghai. Chang's parents eventually divorced in 1930; she and her younger brother Zhang Zijing ({{lang|zh-hant|張子靜}}; 1921–1997) were raised by their father.

At the age of 18, Chang contracted [[dysentery]]. Instead of seeking medical treatment, her father beat her and forced her to stay in her bedroom for six months. Chang eventually ran away to live with her mother and then stayed with her mother for nearly two years, until she went to university.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical dictionary of Chinese women, Volume 2 |editor-last1=Lee |editor-first1= Lily Xiao Hong|editor-last2=Stefanowska |editor-first2=A.D. |year= 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn= 0-520-24449-4|pages= 274|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC}}</ref>

===Education===
[[File:Edingburgh House.jpg|thumb|250px|The gate of Eddington House in Shanghai. Eileen Chang lived here in 1942. (Picture taken in June 2013)]] 
Chang started school at age 4. Chang had obtained excellent English skills besides her native [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]]. In 1937, she graduated from an all-female Christian boarding high school, [[St. Mary's Hall, Shanghai]], even though her family was not religious.<ref name="SUN1988"/>

At an early age, under her mother's influence, Chang began painting, playing piano, and learning English.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jiang Xiangdong |author2=Li Aimin |date= 1 June 1999 |title=Discussion of the Relationship Between Eileen Chang's Family and Her Writings (论家世对张爱玲小说创作的影响)|url= http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD9899&filename=DALI199903026&v=MzE4OThNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9ackZpRGtWTHJPSVN6SFo3S3hGOWpNckk5SFlvUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUclc=|language= zh|journal= Journal of Dalian University|volume= 20|issue= 3|pages= 108|access-date= 3 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1939, Chang was accepted to the [[University of London]] on a full scholarship, but was unable to attend due to [[World War II]]. Instead, she studied [[English Literature]] at the [[University of Hong Kong]], where she met her lifelong friend, Fatima Mohideen ({{lang|zh-hant|炎櫻}}; died 1995). When Chang was one semester short of earning her degree in December 1941, Hong Kong fell to the [[Empire of Japan]]. Chang's famous works were completed during the Japanese occupation.<ref name="CHAN">{{Cite journal|last=CHAN|first=Roy Bing|date=2017-01-01|title=Homeless in the world : war, narrative, and historical consciousness in Eileen Chang, György Lukács, and Lev Tolstoy|url=https://commons.ln.edu.hk/jmlc/vol14/iss1/1|journal=Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報|volume=14|issue=1|issn=1026-5120}}</ref>

=== Marriages ===
In 1943, Chang met her first husband [[Hu Lancheng]] when she was 23 and he was 37. They married the following year in a private ceremony. Fatima Mohideen was the sole attendee. In the few months that he courted Chang, Hu was still married to his third wife. Although Hu was labelled a traitor for collaborating with the Japanese during [[World War II]], Chang continued to remain loyal to Hu. Shortly thereafter, Hu chose to move to [[Wuhan]] to work for a newspaper. While staying at a local hospital, he seduced a 17-year-old nurse, Zhou Xunde ({{lang|zh-hant|周訓德}}), who soon moved in with him. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu used another identity and hid in the nearby city of [[Wenzhou]], where he married Fan Xiumei ({{lang|zh-hant|范秀美}}). Chang and Hu divorced in 1947.<ref name="PONG2009"/>

In 1956, while living in [[MacDowell Colony|MacDowell Colony, New Hampshire]], Chang met and became involved with the American [[screenwriter]] [[Ferdinand Reyher]], a [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] native nearly 30 years her senior.<ref>Stevens, Wallace, and Holly Stevens. “Letters to Ferdinand Reyher: Edited with an Afternote by Holly Stevens.” The Hudson Review, vol. 44, no. 3, 1991, pp. 381–409. ''JSTOR''.</ref> During the time they were briefly apart in New York (Chang in [[New York City]], Reyher in [[Saratoga Springs, New York|Saratoga]]), Chang wrote to Reyher that she was pregnant with his child. Reyher wrote back to propose. Although Chang did not receive the letter, she telephoned the following morning to inform Reyher she was arriving in Saratoga. Reyher had a chance to propose to her in person, but insisted that he did not want the child. Chang had an abortion shortly afterward. On August 14, 1956, the couple married in New York City.<ref>[http://www.focusfeatures.com/article/eileen_chang_and_lust__caution "Eileen Chang and Lust, Caution"]. ''Focus Features''. November 26, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</ref> After the wedding, the couple moved back to New Hampshire. After suffering a series of strokes, Reyher eventually became paralyzed, before his death on October 8, 1967.

=== Death ===
On September 8, 1995, Chang was found dead in her apartment on Rochester Avenue in [[Westwood, Los Angeles]], by her [[landlord]].<ref name="TNYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/13/obituaries/eileen-chang-74-chinese-writer-revered-outside-the-mainland.html|title=Eileen Chang, 74, Chinese Writer Revered Outside the Mainland|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 27, 2019|author=Robert McG. Thomas Jr.|date=September 13, 1995 }}</ref> According to her friends, Chang had died of natural causes several days before her building manager discovered her body, after becoming alarmed that she had not answered her telephone. Her [[death certificate]] states that she died from [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref name="TNYT"/> In accordance with Chang's will, she was [[Cremation|cremated]] without any memorial service, and her ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean.

After Chang's death, Stephen Soong (宋淇; 1919–1996) became the executor of her estate, succeeded by his son Roland Soong (宋以朗).<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=LEE|first=Christopher|date=2017-01-01|title=Translation in distraction : on Eileen Chang's "Chinese translation: a vehicle of cultural influence"|url=https://commons.ln.edu.hk/jmlc/vol14/iss1/3|journal=Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報|volume=14|issue=1|issn=1026-5120}}</ref> In 1997, the Soong family donated some of Chang's manuscripts to the East Asian Library at the [[University of Southern California|University of Southern California]], including the English translation of "The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai" and the unfinished manuscript of the novel "The Young Marshall."<ref name="auto" /> In 2015, Roland Soong handed Eileen Chang's manuscripts to Hong Kong scholar Rosanna Fong (馮睎乾) for organization and research.