Editing Educational perennialism (section)

==Secular perennialism==
The word "perennial" in secular perennialism suggests something that lasts an indefinite amount of time, recurs again and again, or is self-renewing. [[Robert Maynard Hutchins|Robert Hutchins]] and [[Mortimer Adler]] promoted a universal curriculum based upon the common and essential nature of all human beings and encompassing [[Humanism|humanist]] and scientific traditions. Hutchins and Adler implemented these ideas with great success at the [[University of Chicago]], where they still strongly influence the Undergraduate Common Core. Other notable figures in the movement include [[Stringfellow Barr]] and [[Scott Buchanan]] (who together initiated the [[Great Books]] program at [[St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)|St. John's College]] in Annapolis, Maryland), [[Mark Van Doren]], [[Alexander Meiklejohn]], and Sir [[Richard Livingstone]], an English [[Classicism|classicist]] with an American following. Inspired by Adler's lectures, [[Sister Miriam Joseph]] wrote a textbook on the [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] [[trivium]] and taught it as the Freshman seminar at [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|Saint Mary's College]].

Secular perennialists espouse the idea that education should focus on the historical development of a continually advancing common orienting base of human knowledge and art, the timeless value of classic thought on central human issues by landmark thinkers, and revolutionary ideas critical to historical [[paradigm shift]]s or changes in world view. A program of studies which is highly general, nonspecialized, and nonvocational is advocated.<ref>Travers, Paul D. and Ronald W. Rebore. ''Foundations of Education, Becoming a Teacher''. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1990. P. 66.</ref> They firmly believe that exposure of all people to the development of thought by those most responsible for the evolution of the occidental oriented tradition is integral to the survival of the freedoms, human rights, and responsibilities inherent to a true democracy.

Adler states: <blockquote>
... our political democracy depends upon the reconstitution of our schools. Our schools are not turning out young people prepared for the high office and the duties of citizenship in a democratic republic. Our political institutions cannot thrive, they may not even survive, if we do not produce a greater number of thinking citizens, from whom some statesmen of the type we had in the 18th century might eventually emerge. We are, indeed, a nation at risk, and nothing but radical reform of our schools can save us from impending disaster... Whatever the price... the price we will pay for not doing it will be much greater.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alder |first1=Mortimer J. |title=Reforming Education — No Quick Fix |url=http://radicalacademy.com/adlerreformedu.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011102170630/http://www.radicalacademy.com/adlerreformedu.htm |archive-date=2001-11-02 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
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Hutchins writes in the same vein: <blockquote>
The business of saying ... that people are not capable of achieving a good education is too strongly reminiscent of the opposition of every extension of democracy. This opposition has always rested on the allegation that the people were incapable of exercising the power they demanded. Always the historic statement has been verified: you cannot expect the slave to show the virtues of the free man unless you first set him free. When the slave has been set free, he has, in the passage of time, become indistinguishable from those who have always been free ... There appears to be an innate human tendency to underestimate the capacity of those who do not belong to "our" group. Those who do not share our background cannot have our ability. Foreigners, people who are in a different economic status, and the young seem invariably to be regarded as intellectually backward ...<ref name="Hutchins">Hutchins, Robert Maynard. ''Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education''. Simon & Schuster, New York: 1954.</ref>
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As with the [[Educational essentialism|essentialists]], perennialists are educationally conservative in the requirement of a curriculum focused upon fundamental subject areas, but they stress that the overall aim should be exposure to history's finest thinkers as models for discovery.  The student should be taught such basic subjects as [[English language|English]], languages, history, mathematics, natural science, philosophy, and fine arts.<ref>Kneller, George F. ''Introduction to the Philosophy of Education''. John Wiley & Sons: 1971.</ref> Adler states: "[[The three Rs|The three R's]], which always signified the formal disciplines, are the essence of liberal or general education."<ref>Adler: op. cit., p. 62</ref>

Secular perennialists agree with [[Educational progressivism|progressivists]] that memorization of vast amounts of factual information and a focus on second-hand information in textbooks and lectures does not develop rational thought. They advocate learning through the development of meaningful conceptual thinking and judgement by means of a directed reading list of the profound, aesthetic, and meaningful [[great books]] of the [[Western canon]]. These books, secular perennialists argue, are written by the world's finest thinkers, and cumulatively comprise the "[[Great Conversation]]" of humanity with regard to the central human questions. Their basic argument for the use of original works (abridged translations being acceptable as well) is that these are the products of "[[genius]]". Hutchins remarks:

<blockquote>Great books are great teachers; they are showing us every day what ordinary people are capable of. These books come out of ignorant, inquiring humanity. They are usually the first announcements for success in learning. Most of them were written for, and addressed to, ordinary people.<ref name="Hutchins"/></blockquote>

The Great Conversation is not static but, along with the set of related great books, changes as the representative thought of man changes or progresses. In this way, it seeks to represent an evolution of thought not based upon the latest cultural fads. Hutchins clarifies this:

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In the course of history... new books have been written that have won their place in the list. Books once thought entitled to belong to it have been superseded; and this process of change will continue as long as men can think and write. It is the task of every generation to reassess the tradition in which it lives, to discard what it cannot use, and to bring into context with the distant and intermediate past the most recent contributions to the Great Conversation. ...the West needs to recapture and reemphasize and bring to bear upon its present problems the wisdom that lies in the works of its greatest thinkers and in the name of love<ref name="Hutchins"/>
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Perennialism was proposed in response to what many considered a failing educational system. Again Hutchins writes:

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The products of American high schools are illiterate; and a degree from a famous college or university is no guarantee that the graduate is in any better case. One of the most remarkable features of American society is that the difference between the "uneducated" and the "educated" is so slight.<ref name="Hutchins"/>
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In this regard [[John Dewey]] and Hutchins were in agreement. Hutchins's book ''The Higher Learning in America'' deplored the "plight of higher learning" that had turned away from cultivation of the intellect and toward anti-intellectual practicality due, in part, to a lust for money. In a highly negative review of the book, Dewey wrote a series of articles in ''The Social Frontier'' which began by applauding Hutchins' attack on "the aimlessness of our present educational scheme.<ref>Erlich, Thomas. "Dewey versus Hutchins: The Next Round". ''Education and Democracy: Re-imagining Liberal Learning in America''. Ed. Robert Orril. College Entrance Examination Board, New York: 1997.</ref>

Perennialists believe in reading being supplemented by mutual investigations involving both teacher and student and minimally-directed discussions through the [[Socratic method]] in order to develop a historically oriented understanding of concepts. They argue that accurate, independent reasoning distinguishes the developed or educated mind and stress the development of this faculty. A skilled teacher keeps discussions on topic, corrects errors in reasoning, and accurately formulates problems within the scope of texts being studied but lets the class reach their own conclusions.

Perennialists argue that many of the historical debates and the development of ideas presented by the great books are relevant to any society at any time, making them suitable for instructional use regardless of their age. They acknowledge disagreement between various great books but believe that the student must learn to recognize these disagreements, think about them, and reach a reasoned, defensible conclusion. This is a major goal of the Socratic discussions.