Editing Economy of South Africa (section)

==History==
{{Main|Economic history of South Africa}}
The formal  economy of South Africa has its beginnings in the arrival of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] settlers in 1652, originally sent by the [[Dutch East India Company]] to establish a provisioning station for passing ships. As the colony increased in size, with the arrival of [[Huguenot]]s and German colonists, some of the colonists were set free to pursue commercial farming, leading to the dominance of agriculture in the economy.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

At the end of the 18th century, the British annexed the colony. This led to the [[Great Trek]], spreading farming deeper into the mainland, as well as the establishment of the independent [[Afrikaner Republics]] of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] and the [[Orange Free State]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Trek {{!}} South African history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Trek |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1870 [[diamond]]s were discovered in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], while in 1886 some of the world's largest gold deposits were discovered in the [[Witwatersrand]] region of Transvaal, quickly transforming the economy into a resource-dominated one. The British annexed the area as a result of the [[Second Boer War]] which saw the deployment of [[scorched earth]] tactics against Boer non-combatants. South Africa also entered a period of industrialization during this time, including the organization of the first [[Trade unions in South Africa|South African trade unions]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gentle|first1=Leonard|url=https://www.lrs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/A-history-of-trade-unionism-in-South-Africa.pdf|title=A History of Trade Unionism In South Africa|last2=Callinicos|first2=Luli|last3=Jansen|first3=Martin|last4=Nieftagodien|first4=Noor|last5=Jordi|first5=Richard|isbn=978-0-620-78227-2|location=South Africa|pages=1–8|language=English}}</ref>

The country soon started putting laws distinguishing between different races in place. In 1948 the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] won the national elections, and immediately started implementing an even stricter race-based policy named [[Apartheid]], in an attempt to shelter the original white society from a never-ending increase in the black population. The policy was widely criticised and led to crippling sanctions being placed against the country in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1985-10-21 |title=COMMONWEALTH LEADERS AGREE ON SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/21/world/commonwealth-leaders-agree-on-sanctions-against-south-africa.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

South Africa held its first non-racial elections in 1994, leaving the newly all-African elected [[African National Congress]] (ANC) government the daunting task of trying to restore order to an economy harmed by sanctions, while also integrating the previously disadvantaged segment of the population into it.

The government refrained from resorting to economic populism. Inflation was brought down, public finances were stabilised, and some foreign capital was attracted.<ref name="assessment2008-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa |publisher=OECD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809083550/http://www.oecd.org//document//63//0,3343,en_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1,00.html |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> However, growth was still subpar.<ref name="assessment2008-2"/> At the start of 2000, then President [[Thabo Mbeki]] vowed to promote economic growth and [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] by relaxing restrictive [[labour laws]], stepping up the pace of [[privatisation]], raising governmental spending<ref>{{cite web|title=SA government spending|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/SA-government-spending/id/b257338e|website=data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> and cutting interest rates sharply from 1998 levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=SA real interest rate|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/SA-real-interest-rate/id/c97cc78c|website=data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa inflation rate|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/SA-inflation-rate/id/eed36496|website=data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> His policies faced strong opposition from [[organised labour]]. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and [[capital formation]] increased.<ref name="assessment2008-2"/>

In April 2009, amid fears that South Africa would soon join much of the rest of the world in the [[late-2000s recession]], [[South African Reserve Bank|Reserve Bank]] Governor [[Tito Mboweni]] and Minister of Finance [[Trevor Manuel]] differed on the matter: whereas Manuel foresaw a quarter of economic growth, Mboweni predicted further decline: "technically," he said, "that's a recession."<ref>Quoted in Mafirakurewa 2009.</ref> In 2009 the Nobel-Prize-winning economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] warned South Africa that inflation targeting should be a secondary concern amid the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wessels |first=Leani |title=Stiglitz: SA must drop targets |work=News24.co.za |date=8 July 2009 |url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2537001 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711120634/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2537001 |archive-date=11 July 2009}}</ref>

South Africa, unlike other emerging markets, has struggled through the [[late 2000s recession]], and the recovery has been largely led by private and public consumption growth, while export volumes and private investment have yet to fully recover.<ref name=imf-art4>{{cite web|title=South Africa: 2011 Article IV Consultation |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11258.pdf |publisher=International Monetary Fund |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430092020/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11258.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2014 |page=6}}</ref> The long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the current policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa Economic Update, Focus on Savings, Investment, and Inclusive Growth |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHAFRICA/Resources/SAEU-July_2011_Full_Report.pdf |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908030444/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHAFRICA/Resources/SAEU-July_2011_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2012 |page=10}}</ref> Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 1.6% a year from 1994 to 2009, and by 2.2% over the 2000–09 decade,<ref>{{cite web|title=OECD Economic Surveys – South Africa |url=https://www.scribd.com/fredellj/d/49276155-OEDC-SA-Report |publisher=OECD |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914173438/http://www.scribd.com/fredellj/d/49276155-OEDC-SA-Report |archive-date=14 September 2012 |page=36 |date=July 2010}}</ref> compared to world growth of 3.1% over the same period.

The high levels of unemployment, at over 25%, and [[economic inequality|inequality]] are considered by the government and most South Africans to be the most salient economic problems facing the country.<ref name="OECDsurvey38">{{cite web|title=OECD Economic Surveys – South Africa |url=https://www.scribd.com/fredellj/d/49276155-OEDC-SA-Report |publisher=OECD |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914173438/http://www.scribd.com/fredellj/d/49276155-OEDC-SA-Report |archive-date=14 September 2012 |page=38 |date=July 2010}}</ref> These issues, and others linked to them such as crime, have in turn hurt investment and growth, consequently having a negative feedback effect on employment.<ref name="OECDsurvey38"/> Crime is considered a major or very severe constraint on investment by 30% of enterprises in South Africa, putting crime among the four most frequently mentioned constraints.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone |first=Christopher |title=Crime, Justice, and Growth in South Africa: Toward a Plausible Contribution from Criminal Justice to Economic Growth |url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/centers/cid/publications/faculty/wp/131.pdf |publisher=Center for International Development at Harvard University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025431/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/centers/cid/publications/faculty/wp/131.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2011 |date=August 2006 |page=2}}</ref>

In April 2017, political tensions in the country arose over the sacking of nine cabinet members including Minister of Finance [[Pravin Gordhan]] by the president [[Jacob Zuma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-politics-idUSKBN17C16I|title=South Africa's Zuma accuses protesters of racism after marches|date=2017-04-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> The finance minister was seen as central to efforts to restore confidence in South Africa. As a result of the tensions, [[S&P Global]] cut South Africa's credit rating to junk status on Monday 3 April 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f97b2af8-191a-11e7-9c35-0dd2cb31823a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f97b2af8-191a-11e7-9c35-0dd2cb31823a |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=Zuma tries to reassure investors after South Africa's rating cut|last=Cotterill|first=Joseph|work=The Financial Times}}</ref> Fitch Ratings followed suit on Friday 7 April 2017 and cut the country's credit status to the sub-investment grade of BBB−.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-07/junk-for-south-africa-as-fitch-joins-s-p-in-cut-over-politics|title=Junk for South Africa as Fitch Joins S&P in Cut on Politics|date=2017-04-07|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> The South African rand lost more than 11% in the week following the cabinet reshuffling.<ref name=":0" />

=== Historical statistics 1980–2022 ===
[[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Development of real GDP per capita in countries in Southern Africa]]
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022. Inflation under 5% is in green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=199&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=98&pr.y=2|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}} 
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP<br /><small>(in bn. US$ PPP)</small>
!GDP per capita<br /><small >(in US$PPP)</small>
!GDP
<small>(in billion US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP growth<br /><small>(real)</small>
![[Consumer price index (South Africa)|Inflation rate]]<br /><small>(in Percent)</small>
!Unemployment <br /><small>(in Percent)</small>
!Government debt<br /><small>(in % of GDP)</small>
|-
|1980
|148.6
|5,110
|89.4
|3,075
|{{Increase}}6.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}14.2%
|9.2%
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}171.4
|{{Increase}}5,745
|{{Increase}}93.2
|{{Increase}}3,123
|{{Increase}}5.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}15.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}9.8%
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}181.3
|{{Increase}}5,922
|{{Decrease}}85.9
|{{Decrease}}2,806
|{{Decrease}}−0.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}13.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}10.8%
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}184.9
|{{Decrease}}5,886
|{{Increase}}96.2
|{{Increase}}3,063
|{{Decrease}}−1.8%
|{{increaseNegative}}12.8%
|{{increaseNegative}}12.5%
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}201.3
|{{Increase}}6,250
|{{Increase}}84.8
|{{Decrease}}2,634
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}11.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}13.7%
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}205.2
|{{Decrease}}6,221
|{{Decrease}}64.5
|{{Decrease}}1,955
|{{Decrease}}−1.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}16.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}15.5%
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}209.3
|{{Decrease}}6,207
|{{Increase}}73.4
|{{Increase}}2,176
|{{Steady}}0.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}18.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}16.0%
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}219.0
|{{Increase}}6,356
|{{Increase}}96.5
|{{Increase}}2,801
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}16.5%
|{{increaseNegative}}16.6%
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}236.3
|{{Increase}}6,712
|{{Increase}}104.0
|{{Increase}}2,955
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}12.8%
|{{increaseNegative}}17.2%
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}251.4
|{{Increase}}6,990
|{{Increase}}108.1
|{{Increase}}3,004
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}14.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}17.8%
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}260.0
|{{Increase}}7,067
|{{Increase}}126.0
|{{Increase}}3,426
|{{Decrease}}−0.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}14.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}18.8%
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}266.1
|{{Decrease}}7,059
|{{Increase}}135.2
|{{Increase}}3,588
|{{Decrease}}−1.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}15.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}20.2%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}266.3
|{{Decrease}}6,890
|{{Increase}}147
|{{Increase}}3,803
|{{Decrease}}−2.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}14.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}21.2%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}276.0
|{{Increase}}6,966
|{{Increase}}147.2
|{{Decrease}}3,716
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}9.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}22.2%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}290.9
|{{Increase}}7,172
|{{Increase}}153.6
|{{Increase}}3,786
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}8.8%
|{{increaseNegative}}22.9%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}306.2
|{{Increase}}7,391
|{{Increase}}171.7
|{{Increase}}4,145
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}8.8%
|{{decreasePositive}}16.5%
|n/a
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}325.2
|{{Increase}}7,705
|{{Decrease}}163.3
|{{Decrease}}3,870
|{{Increase}}4.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}7.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}20.3%
|n/a
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}339.4
|{{Increase}}7,908
|{{Increase}}169
|{{Increase}}3,938
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}8.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}22.0%
|n/a
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}345.0
|{{Increase}}7,916
|{{Decrease}}152.9
|{{Decrease}}3,508
|{{Increase}}0.5%
|{{increaseNegative}}7.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}26.1%
|n/a
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}358.2
|{{Increase}}8,099
|{{Decrease}}151.4
|{{Decrease}}3,424
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.1%
|{{decreasePositive}}23.3%
|n/a
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}381.7
|{{Increase}}8,502
|{{Increase}}151.9
|{{Decrease}}3,382
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}23.0%
|37.9%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}400.9
|{{Increase}}8,767
|{{Decrease}}135.5
|{{Decrease}}2,964
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}26.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}38.0%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}422.2
|{{Increase}}9,107
|{{Decrease}}129.4
|{{Decrease}}2,791
|{{Increase}}3.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}9.0%
|{{increaseNegative}}27.8%
|{{decreasePositive}}31.8%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}443.2
|{{Increase}}9,469
|{{Increase}}197.0
|{{Increase}}4,209
|{{Increase}}2.9%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.9%
|{{decreasePositive}}27.7%
|{{decreasePositive}}31.5%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}475.8
|{{Increase}}10,058
|{{Increase}}256.2
|{{Increase}}5,415
|{{Increase}}4.6%
|{{increase}}1.4%
|{{decreasePositive}}25.2%
|{{decreasePositive}}30.7%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}516.6
|{{Increase}}10,795
|{{Increase}}288.7
|{{Increase}}6,033
|{{Increase}}5.3%
|{{increase}}3.4%
|{{decreasePositive}}24.7%
|{{decreasePositive}}29.6%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}562.4
|{{Increase}}11,610
|{{Increase}}304.1
|{{Increase}}6,276
|{{Increase}}5.6%
|{{increase}}4.7%
|{{decreasePositive}}23.6%
|{{decreasePositive}}28.0%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}608.6
|{{Increase}}12,398
|{{Increase}}332.6
|{{Increase}}6,776
|{{Increase}}5.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}7.1%
|{{decreasePositive}}23.0%
|{{decreasePositive}}24.3%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}640.1
|{{Increase}}12,854
|{{Decrease}}316.5
|{{Decrease}}6,356
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}11.0%
|{{decreasePositive}}22.5%
|{{decreasePositive}}24.0%
|-
|2009
|{{Decrease}}634.3
|{{Decrease}}12,548
|{{Increase}}331.2
|{{Increase}}6,552
|{{Decrease}}−1.5%
|{{increaseNegative}}7.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}23.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}27.0%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}661.4
|{{Increase}}12,885
|{{Increase}}417.3
|{{Increase}}8,130
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{increase}}4.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}24.9%
|{{increaseNegative}}31.2%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}696.5
|{{Increase}}13,362
|{{Increase}}458.7
|{{Increase}}8,799
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.0%
|{{decreasePositive}}24.8%
|{{increaseNegative}}34.7%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}698.2
|{{Increase}}13,191
|{{Decrease}}434.4
|{{Decrease}}8,207
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}24.9%
|{{increaseNegative}}37.4%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}730.5
|{{Increase}}13,591
|{{Decrease}}400.9
|{{Decrease}}7,458
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.7%
|{{decreasePositive}}24.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}40.4%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}741.9
|{{Increase}}13,595
|{{Decrease}}381.2
|{{Decrease}}6,985
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}6.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}25.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}43.3%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}758.9
|{{Increase}}13,697
|{{Decrease}}346.7
|{{Decrease}}6,257
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{increase}}4.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}25.4%
|{{increaseNegative}}45.2%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}772.8
|{{Increase}}13,738
|{{Decrease}}323.5
|{{Decrease}}5,751
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}6.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}26.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}47.1%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}790.2
|{{Increase}}13,839
|{{Increase}}381.3
|{{Increase}}6,678
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}5.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}27.5%
|{{increaseNegative}}48.6%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}821.4
|{{Increase}}14,178
|{{Increase}}404
|{{Increase}}6,973
|{{Increase}}1.5%
|{{increase}}4.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}27.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}51.7%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}838.6
|{{Increase}}14,271
|{{Decrease}}388.4
|{{Decrease}}6,609
|{{Increase}}0.3%
|{{increase}}4.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}28.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}56.2%
|-
|2020
|{{Decrease}}794.9
|{{Decrease}}13,332
|{{Decrease}}337.5
|{{Decrease}}5,661
|{{Decrease}}−6.3%
|{{increase}}3.3%
|{{increaseNegative}}29.2%
|{{increaseNegative}}69.0%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}868.6
|{{Increase}}14,442
|{{Increase}}418.9
|{{Increase}}6,965
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{increase}}4.6%
|{{increaseNegative}}34.3%
|{{Steady}}69.0%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}949.8
|{{Increase}}15,556
|{{Decrease}}405.7
|{{Decrease}}6,694
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{increaseNegative}}6.7%
|{{increaseNegative}}34.6%
|{{decreasePositive}}68.0%
|}
This is a chart of the trend of South Africa's gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices estimated by the [[International Monetary Fund]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=35&pr.y=18&sy=1980&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=199%2C111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}} 
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"
|-
! Year || GDP, US$ bln || US dollar exchange in early January || Unemployment rate ||Per capita income, in US$
|-
| 1980 || 80.547 || 0.8267 Rand<ref name="exchangerate">{{cite web |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/economics/histdownload/Download/DOLLAR.csv |title=Historical exchange rates – South African Reserve Bank |access-date=2014-08-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331201533/http://www.resbank.co.za/economics/histdownload/Download/DOLLAR.csv |archive-date=31 March 2006}}</ref> || 9.2 || 2764
|-
| 1985 || 57.273 || 2.0052 Rand<ref name="exchangerate"/> || 15.5 || 1736
|-
| 1990 || 111.998 || 2.5419 Rand<ref name="exchangerate"/> || 16.0 || 3039
|-
| 1995 || 151.117 || 3.5486 Rand<ref name="exchangerate"/> || 16.7 || 3684
|-
| 2000 || 132.964 || 6.1188 Rand<ref name="exchangerate"/> || 25.6 || 2986
|-
| 2005 || 246.956 || 5.6497 Rand<ref name="exchangerate"/> || 26.7 || 5267
|-
| 2010 || 363.655 || 7.462 Rand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.x-rates.com/d/ZAR/USD/hist2010.html|title=Exchange Rate Average (South African Rand, US Dollar) – X-Rates|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref> || 24.9 || 7274
|-
| 2015 || 346.660 || 15.52 Rand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=ZAR&date=2015-12-31|title=XE Currency Table: ZAR – South African Rand|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> || 22.8 || 5744<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2015&locations=ZA&start=1960|title=GDP per capita (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|337.880
|14.65 Rand<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Rates Tables - ZAR {{!}} Xe |url=https://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=ZAR&date=2020-12-31#table-section |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.xe.com}}</ref>
|29.2
|5638
|}