Editing Economy of North Korea (section)

==Size of the North Korean economy==
Estimating gross national product in North Korea is a difficult task because of a lack of economic data<ref name="Frank-20120716">{{cite web |url=http://38north.org/2012/07/rfrank071612/ |title=A Question of Interpretation: Economic Statistics From and About North Korea |author=Ruediger Frank |work=[[38 North]] |publisher=School of Advanced International Studies |date=July 16, 2012 |access-date=August 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721144505/http://38north.org/2012/07/rfrank071612/ |archive-date=July 21, 2012 }}</ref> and the problem of choosing an appropriate rate of exchange for the [[North Korean won]], the nonconvertible North Korean currency. The South Korean government's estimate placed North Korea's GNP in 1991 at US$22.9 billion, or US$1,038 per capita. In contrast, South Korea posted US$237.9 billion of GNP and a per capita income of US$5,569 in 1991. North Korea's GNP in 1991 showed a 5.2% decline from 1989, and preliminary indications were that the decline would continue. South Korea's GNP, by contrast, expanded by 9.3% and 8.4%, respectively, in 1990 and 1991.<ref name="Savada1994">{{Country study|article=''North Korea: A Country Study''|url=https://archive.org/details/PAM550-81 |author=Savada, Andreas Matles, ed. (1994) |access-date=July 27, 2013}}  Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. {{ISBN|0-8444-0794-1}}.</ref>

It is estimated that North Korea's GNP nearly halved between 1990 and 1999.<ref name="nbr.org"/> North Korean annual budget reports suggest state income roughly tripled between 2000 and 2014.<ref name="38north-20150415">{{cite news |url=http://38north.org/2015/04/rfrank041515/ |title=The North Korean Budget Report 2015: Ten Observations |author=Ruediger Frank |publisher=U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies |work=[[38 North]] |date=April 15, 2015 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420054512/http://38north.org/2015/04/rfrank041515/ |archive-date=April 20, 2015 }}</ref> By about 2010, external trade had returned to 1990 levels.<ref name="38north-20151022"/>

The South Korea-based [[Bank of Korea]] estimated that over 2000 to 2013 average growth was 1.4% per year.<ref name="Lankov2015">{{cite book|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=[[The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia]]|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-939003-8|pages=79,134}}</ref> It has published the following estimates of North Korea's GDP growth:<ref name=bok-gdp2019>{{cite press release |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/viewer/skin/doc.html?fn=202007300329527700.doc&rs=/webview/result/E0000634/202007 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2019 |publisher=[[Bank of Korea]] |date=July 31, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005060213/https://www.bok.or.kr/viewer/skin/doc.html?fn=202007300329527700.doc&rs=%2Fwebview%2Fresult%2FE0000634%2F202007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Economy statistics by year ([[Bank of Korea]] estimate)
! Year 
!GDP
<small>(in Bil. KR₩ nominal)</small>
!GNI per capita
<small>(in KR₩ nominal)</small>
! GDP growth
<small>(real)</small>
!{{Ref.}}
|-
| 1990
|
|
| {{Decrease}}-4.3%
|
|-
| 1995
|
|
| {{Decrease}}-4.4%
|
|-
|1999
|
|
|{{Increase}}6.1%
|
|-
|2000
|
|
|{{Increase}}0.4%
|
|-
|2001
|
|
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|
|-
|2002
|
|
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|
|-
|2003
|
|
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|
|-
|2004
|
|
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|
|-
|2005
|
|
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|
|-
|2006
|
|1,058,000
| {{Decrease}}-1.0%
|
|-
|2007
|
|{{Increase}}1,070,000
| {{Decrease}}-1.2%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2007 |url=https://www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/bok-2007.pdf |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|
|{{Increase}}1,174,000
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2008 |url=https://www.nkeconwatch.com/nk-uploads/gdp_of_north_korea_in_2008.pdf |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|28,483.5
|{{Increase}}1,190,000
| {{Decrease}}-0.9%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2010 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2009 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=161429&menuNo=400069&searchWrd=north+korea&searchCnd=1&sdate=&edate=&pageIndex=2 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}29,879.9
|{{Increase}}1,242,000
| {{Decrease}}-0.5%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2011 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2010 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=174506&menuNo=400069&pageIndex=157 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}32,227.8
|{{Increase}}1,334,000
|{{Increase}}0.8%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2012 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2011 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=181604&menuNo=400069&viewType=&pageIndex=240 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}33,211.9
|{{Increase}}1,371,000
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2012 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=191337&menuNo=400069&searchWrd=north+korea&searchCnd=1&sdate=&edate=&pageIndex=1 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}33,614.2
|{{Increase}}1,379,000
|{{Increase}}1.1%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2013 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=200720&menuNo=400069&searchWrd=north+korea&searchCnd=1&sdate=&edate=&pageIndex=1 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}33,949.4
|{{Increase}}1,388,000
|{{Increase}}1.0%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2014 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=211004&menuNo=400069&searchWrd=gross+domestic+product+estimat&searchCnd=1&sdate=&edate=&pageIndex=1 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}34,136.7
|{{Increase}}1,393,000
| {{Decrease}}-1.1%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2015 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0001959/view.do?nttId=220643&menuNo=400071&pageIndex=15 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}36,103.3
|{{Increase}}1,461,000
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2016 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0001959/view.do?nttId=230095&menuNo=400071&pageIndex=7 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}36,381.8
|{{Increase}}1,464,000
| {{Decrease}}-3.5%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2017 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10046123&menuNo=400069 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|{{Decrease}}35,670.5
|{{Decrease}}1,428,000
| {{Decrease}}-4.1%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2019 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2018 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10053001&menuNo=400069 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|{{Decrease}}35,278.6
|{{Decrease}}1,408,000
|{{Increase}}0.4%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2019 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10059560&menuNo=400069 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|{{Decrease}}34,660.3
|{{Decrease}}1,379,000
| {{Decrease}}-4.5%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2020 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10065833&menuNo=400069&pageIndex=2 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}35,890.8
|{{Increase}}1,423,000
| {{Decrease}}-0.1%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2021 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10071884&menuNo=400069 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}36,214.2
|{{Increase}}1,430,000
| {{Decrease}}-0.2%
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=Gross Domestic Product Estimates for North Korea in 2022 |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?menuNo=400423&nttId=10078670 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Bank of Korea]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}40,194.2
|{{Increase}}1,589,000
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|<ref name="bankofkorea" />
|}

This analysis converts production volume estimates into South Korean prices, so is subject to price changes over time of South Korean goods.<ref name=38north-20200806>{{cite news |url=https://www.38north.org/2020/08/wbrown080620/ |title=South Korea's Central Bank Report Exaggerates North Korea's Economic Growth |last=Brown |first=William |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center |work=[[38 North]] |date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816191617/https://www.38north.org/2020/08/wbrown080620/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to analyst [[Andrei Lankov]], writing in 2017, a significant number of observers believe that the Bank of Korea is too conservative and the real growth rate is {{nowrap|3–4%.}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/02/the-limits-of-north-koreas-meagre-economic-growth |title=The limits of North Korea's meager economic growth |first=Andrei |last=Lankov |work=[[NK News]] |date=February 6, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131352/https://www.nknews.org/2017/02/the-limits-of-north-koreas-meagre-economic-growth/ |archive-date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=February 7, 2017 }}</ref><ref name=nyt-20170430/> North Korea reported that the government budget has been increasing at between 5% and 10% annually from 2007 to 2015. Reported planned capital expenditure, mainly on roads and public buildings, increased by 4.3% in 2014, 8.7% in 2015 to 13.7% in 2016.<ref name=38north-20160408>{{cite news |url=http://38north.org/2016/04/rfrank040816/ |title=The 2016 North Korean Budget Report: 12 Observations |first=Ruediger |last=Frank |publisher=U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies |work=[[38 North]] |date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=May 1, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504043145/http://38north.org/2016/04/rfrank040816/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 }}</ref> According to a North Korea economist, the growth rate was 3.7% in 2017, lifting GDP to $29.6 billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/10/46a852b7c627-n-koreas-economy-grows-37-in-2017-professor.html|title=North Korea's economy grows 3.7% in 2017: professor|publisher=Kyodo News|date=October 12, 2018|access-date=October 13, 2018|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052451/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/10/46a852b7c627-n-koreas-economy-grows-37-in-2017-professor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian government estimated 1.3% growth in 2017, while the South Korean government estimated −3.5%.

In 2018, North Korea's [[government budget]] revenue plan overfulfilled 1.4%, an increase of 4.6% over 2017 year.<ref>First meeting of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea</ref>