Editing Echidna (mythology) (section)

==Genealogy==
Echidna's family tree varies by author.<ref>For a discussion of Echidna's varying genealogy see Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA148 pp. 148&ndash;150].</ref> The oldest genealogy relating to Echidna, [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' (c. 8th – 7th century BC), is unclear on several points. According to Hesiod, Echidna was born to a "she" who was probably meant by Hesiod to be the sea goddess [[Ceto]], making Echidna's likely father the sea god [[Phorcys]]; however the "she" might instead refer to the [[Oceanids|Oceanid]] [[Callirhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]], which would make [[Medusa]]'s offspring [[Chrysaor]] the father of Echidna.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.25.xml 270-300]. Though [[Herbert Jennings Rose]] says simply that it is "not clear which parents are meant", [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cvSiWE0KQsYC&pg=PA44 p. 44], says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of monsters and scourges".  The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in ''Theogony'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml 295]. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smith [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dechidna-bio-1 s.v. Echidna]; Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159 n. 32], "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml p. 27 n. 16] ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295&ndash;303 ("presumably Keto"); West 1966, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").</ref> The mythographer [[Pherecydes of Athens]] (5th century BC) has Echidna as the daughter of [[Phorcys]], without naming a mother.<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens|Pherecydes]], fr. 7 Fowler = ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F 7 (Fowler 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA278 p. 278]); Hošek, p. 678.</ref>

Other authors give Echidna other parents. According to the geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (2nd century AD), [[Epimenides]] (7th or 6th century BC) had Echidna as the daughter of the Oceanid [[Styx]] (goddess of the river Styx) and one Peiras (otherwise unknown to Pausanias),<ref>Epimenides ''apud'' [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.18.2 8.18.2]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 p. 9].</ref> while according to the mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (1st or 2nd century AD), Echidna was the daughter of [[Tartarus]] and [[Gaia]].<ref>[[Pseudo-Apollodorus|Apollodorus]], ''Library '' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%202.1.2&lang=original 2.1.2]. According to the sixth century AD [[neoplatonist]] [[Olympiodorus the Younger|Olympiodorus]], Typhon, Echidna, and Python were all the progeny of Tartarus and Gaia, with each being a cause of a specific kind of disorder, in Echidna's case, "a cause revenging and punishing rational souls; and hence the upper arts of her are those of a virgin, but the lower those of a serpent", see Taylor 1824, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba8wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76 pp. 76&ndash;77 n. 63].</ref> In one account, from the [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic tradition]], Echidna was the daughter of [[Phanes]] (the Orphic father of all gods).<ref>Meisner, p. 135; Orphic Fragment [https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/138/mode/2up 58 Kern] = [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], ''Apology'' 20 ([[s:Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 2.djvu/411|p. 397]]); van den Broek, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jonvG8JvwvsC&pg=PA137 p. 137 n. 20]; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 p. 9].</ref>