Editing Eating disorder (section)

== Classification==
=== ICD and DSM diagnoses ===
These eating disorders are specified as [[mental disorders]] in standard medical manuals, including the [[ICD-10]] and the [[DSM-5]].
* [[Anorexia nervosa]] (AN) is the restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. It is accompanied by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, as well as a disturbance in the way one experiences and appraises their body weight or shape. There are two subtypes of AN: the restricting type, and the binge-eating/purging type. The restricting type describes presentations in which weight loss is attained through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise, with an absence of binge/purge behaviors. The binge-eating/purging type describes presentations in which the individual with the condition has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge-eating and purging behavior, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and diuretics.

Pubertal and post-pubertal females with anorexia often experience [[amenorrhea]], that is the loss of menstrual periods, due to the extreme weight loss these individuals face. Although amenorrhea was a required criterion for a diagnosis of anorexia in the DSM-IV, it was dropped in the DSM-5 due to its exclusive nature, as male, post-menopause women, or individuals who do not menstruate for other reasons would fail to meet this criterion.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksma S |title=Abnormal Psychology |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-308-21150-3 |edition=6th |location=US |page=339}}</ref> Females with bulimia may also experience amenorrhea, although the cause is not clear.<ref name=":14" />
* [[Bulimia nervosa]] (BN) is characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging (self-induced vomiting, eating to the point of vomiting, excessive use of laxatives/diuretics, or excessive exercise). Fasting may also be used as a method of purging following a binge. However, unlike anorexia nervosa, body weight is maintained at or above a minimally normal level. Severity of BN is determined by the number of episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week.
* [[Binge eating disorder]] (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors that are present in BN and AN binge-eating/purging subtype. Binge eating episodes are associated with eating much more rapidly than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry, eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating, and/or feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or very guilty after eating. For a BED diagnosis to be given, marked distress regarding binge eating must be present, and the binge eating must occur an average of once a week for 3 months. Severity of BED is determined by the number of binge eating episodes per week.<ref name="DSM5" />
* [[Pica (disorder)|Pica]] is the persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances in a way that is not developmentally appropriate or culturally supported. Although substances consumed vary with age and availability, paper, soap, hair, chalk, paint, and clay are among the most commonly consumed in those with a pica diagnosis. There are multiple causes for the onset of pica, including iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and pregnancy, and pica often occurs in tandem with other mental health disorders associated with impaired function, such as [[intellectual disability]], [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]], and [[schizophrenia]]. In order for a diagnosis of pica to be warranted, behaviors must last for at least one month.
* [[Rumination syndrome|Rumination disorder]] encompasses the repeated regurgitation of food, which may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. For this diagnosis to be warranted, behaviors must persist for at least one month, and regurgitation of food cannot be attributed to another medical condition. Additionally, rumination disorder is distinct from AN, BN, BED, and ARFID, and thus cannot occur during the course of one of these illnesses.
* [[Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder]] (ARFID) is a feeding or eating disturbance, such as a lack of interest in eating food, avoidance based on sensory characteristics of food, or concern about aversive consequences of eating, that prevents one from meeting nutritional energy needs. It is frequently associated with weight loss, nutritional deficiency, or failure to meet growth trajectories. Notably, ARFID is distinguishable from AN and BN in that there is no evidence of a disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced. The disorder is not better explained by lack of available food, cultural practices, a concurrent medical condition, or another mental disorder.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher MM, Rosen DS, Ornstein RM, Mammel KA, Katzman DK, Rome ES, Callahan ST, Malizio J, Kearney S, Walsh BT |date=July 2014 |title=Characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents: a "new disorder" in DSM-5 |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=49–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.013 |pmid=24506978 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder]] (OSFED) is an eating or feeding disorder that does not meet full DSM-5 criteria for AN, BN, or BED. Examples of otherwise-specified eating disorders include individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa, who meet all criteria for AN except being underweight despite substantial weight loss; atypical bulimia nervosa, who meet all criteria for BN except that bulimic behaviors are less frequent or have not been ongoing for long enough; purging disorder; and night eating syndrome.<ref name="DSM5" />
* [[Unspecified feeding or eating disorder|Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder]] (USFED) describes feeding or eating disturbances that cause marked distress and impairment in important areas of functioning but that do not meet the full criteria for any of the other diagnoses. The specific reason the presentation does not meet criteria for a specified disorder is not given. For example, an USFED diagnosis may be given when there is insufficient information to make a more specific diagnosis, such as in an emergency room setting.

=== Other ===
* [[Overeating|Compulsive overeating]], which may include habitual "grazing" of food or episodes of binge eating without feelings of guilt.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saunders R |title="Grazing": a high-risk behavior |journal=Obesity Surgery |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14980042 |doi=10.1381/096089204772787374 |s2cid=20130904}}</ref>
* [[Diabulimia]], which is characterized by the deliberate manipulation of [[insulin]] levels by diabetics in an effort to control their weight.
* [[Drunkorexia]], which is commonly characterized by purposely restricting food intake in order to reserve food calories for alcoholic calories, exercising excessively in order to burn calories from drinking, and over-drinking alcohol in order to purge previously consumed food.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Barry AE, Piazza-Gardner AK |year=2012 |title=Drunkorexia: understanding the co-occurrence of alcohol consumption and eating/exercise weight management behaviors |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=236–43 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2011.587487 |pmid=22420701 |s2cid=34405533|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Food maintenance, which is characterized by a set of aberrant eating behaviors of children in [[foster care]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarren-Sweeney M, Hazell P |title=Mental health of children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia |journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=89–97 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16509906 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00804.x |s2cid=23910822}}</ref>
* [[Night eating syndrome]], which is characterized by nocturnal [[hyperphagia]] (consumption of 25% or more of the total daily calories after the evening meal) with nocturnal ingestions, insomnia, loss of morning appetite and depression.
* [[Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder]], which is a [[parasomnia]] characterized by eating, habitually out-of-control, while in a state of NREM sleep, with no memory of this the next morning.
* [[Gourmand syndrome]], a rare condition occurring after damage to the frontal lobe. Individuals develop an obsessive focus on fine foods.<ref name="Regard">{{cite journal |vauthors=Regard M, Landis T |date=May 1997 |title="Gourmand syndrome": eating passion associated with right anterior lesions |journal=Neurology |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1185–90 |doi=10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 |pmid=9153440 |s2cid=19234711}}</ref>
* [[Orthorexia nervosa]], a term used by Steven Bratman to describe an obsession with a "pure" diet, in which a person develops an obsession with avoiding unhealthy foods to the point where it interferes with the person's life.<ref>[http://www.glammonitor.com/2015/too-much-fitspo-when-healthy-eating-becomes-an-eating-disorder-3053/ Too Much #Fitspo: When Healthy Eating Becomes an Eating Disorder] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711081431/http://www.glammonitor.com/2015/too-much-fitspo-when-healthy-eating-becomes-an-eating-disorder-3053/ |date=2015-07-11}}, Glammonitor.com, 2015-4-29</ref>
* [[Klüver-Bucy syndrome]], caused by bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe, includes compulsive eating, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia, and docility.
* [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], a genetic disorder associated with insatiable appetite and morbid obesity.
* Pregorexia, which is characterized by extreme dieting and over-exercising in order to control pregnancy weight gain. Prenatal undernutrition is associated with low birth weight, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease risk, and depression.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathieu J |title=What is pregorexia? |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=976–9 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19465173 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2009.04.021}}</ref>
* [[Muscle dysmorphia]] is characterized by appearance preoccupation that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean. Muscle dysmorphia affects mostly males.
* [[Purging disorder]]. Recurrent purging behavior to influence weight or shape in the absence of binge eating.<ref name=DSM5/> It is more properly a disorder of elimination rather than eating disorder.