Editing Early Islamic philosophy (section)

== Origins ==
According to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]'' (2006), "The [[Quran|Qurʾān]] displays a wide range of theological topics related to the religious thought of [[late antiquity]] and through its prophet [[Muhammad|Muḥammad]] presents a coherent vision of the creator, the cosmos and man. The main issues of Muslim theological dispute prove to be hidden under the wording of the qurʾānic message, which is closely tied to Muḥammad's [[Sīra|biography]]".<ref name="EoQ-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Nagel |author-first=T. |year=2006 |title=Theology and the Qurʾān |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=V |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00203 |isbn=90-04-14743-8}}</ref> However, modern [[History of Islam|historians]] and scholars of [[Islamic studies]] recognize that some instances of theological thought were already developed among [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|polytheistic Pagans]] in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]], such as the belief in [[fatalism]] (''ḳadar''), which reoccurs in Islamic theology regarding the metaphysical debates on the [[attributes of God in Islam]], [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]], and [[Free will in theology|human free-will]].<ref name="Schmidtke 2016">{{•}} {{cite book |last=Treiger |first=Alexander |year=2016 |origyear=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=27–43 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001 |isbn=9780199696703 |lccn=2016935488 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}<br />{{•}} {{cite book |last=Abrahamov |first=Binyamin |year=2016 |origyear=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025 |isbn=9780199696703 |lccn=2016935488 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Adang |author-first=Camilla |year=2001 |title=Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny? |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=I |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025 |isbn=978-90-04-14743-0}}</ref>

===Muhammad ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}

The life of [[Muhammad]] or [[Sirah Rasul Allah|sira]] generated both the [[Qur'an]] (revelation) and [[hadith]] (his daily utterances and discourses), during which philosophy was defined by Muslims as consisting in acceptance or rejection of his message. Together the sira and hadith constitute the [[sunnah]] and are validated by [[isnad]] ("backing") to determine the likely truth of the report of any given saying of Muhammad. Key figures are Imam [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Imam Bukhari]], [[Imam Muslim]], [[Al-Tirmidhi]], [[Ibn Majah]], [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]], and [[Al-Nasa'i]]. This work, which was not completed until the 10th century, began shortly after [[The Farewell Sermon]] in 631.