Editing Dye (section)

==History==
[[File:Dyeing British Library Royal MS 15.E.iii, f. 269 1482.jpg|right|thumb|Dyeing wool cloth, 1482: from a French translation of [[Bartolomaeus Anglicus]]]]

[[Textile]] dyeing dates back to the [[Neolithic]] period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes [[Tyrian purple]] and crimson [[kermes (dye)|kermes]] were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as [[isatis tinctoria|woad]], [[Indigo dye|indigo]], [[Saffron (use)|saffron]], and [[rubia|madder]] were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using [[resist dyeing]] techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the [[New World]] such as [[cochineal]] and [[Haematoxylum campechianum|logwood]] were brought to Europe by the [[Spain|Spanish]] treasure fleets,<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89Qs0uba9VAC&q=dyes+brought+to+europe+from+spain&pg=PA29|title=Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII, Madrid, Spain, 17 - 21 September 2007|editor-first1=Marta|editor-last1=Castillejo|editor-first2=Pablo|editor-last2=Moreno|editor-first3=Mohamed|editor-last3=Oujja|editor-first4=Roxana|editor-last4=Radvan|editor-first5=Javier|editor-last5=Ruiz|display-editors=3|date=15 August 2008|publisher=CRC Press|access-date=8 November 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780203882085| chapter=Study of laccaic acid and other natural anthraquinone dyes by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering spectroscopy |last1=Cañamares |first1=M. V. |last2=Leona |first2=M. |pages=29–33}}</ref> and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EElNckPn0FUC&q=dyestuffs+carried+to+america+by+colonists&pg=PA45|title=Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing (formerly Titled: Natural Dyes in the United States)|first=Rita J.|last=Adrosko|date=8 November 1971|publisher=Courier Corporation|access-date=8 November 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780486226880}}</ref>

Dyed [[flax]] fibers have been found in the [[Georgia (country)|Republic of Georgia]] in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=Michael |title=Clothes Make the (Hu) Man |journal=Science |date=11 September 2009 |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1329 |doi=10.1126/science.325_1329a |pmid=19745126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kvavadze |first1=Eliso |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |last3=Belfer-Cohen |first3=Anna |last4=Boaretto |first4=Elisabetta |last5=Jakeli |first5=Nino |last6=Matskevich |first6=Zinovi |last7=Meshveliani |first7=Tengiz |title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers |journal=Science |date=11 September 2009 |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1359 |doi=10.1126/science.1175404 |pmid=19745144 |bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K |url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521 }}</ref> [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence shows that, particularly in [[India]] and [[Phoenicia]], [[dyeing]] has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from [[animal]], [[vegetable]] or [[mineral]] sources, with no to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the [[plant kingdom]], notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, only few of which are used on a commercial scale.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Art and Craft of Natural Dyeing |last=Liles |first=J.N |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780870496707 |pages=2–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUW-l1Wg1wYC|quote= "..By 1500 в.с. the Phoenicians had a thriving Tyrian (royal) purple dye industry in Tyre and other cities. Among the ancients, India was probably the most advanced. The Indians dyed all natural fibers well, especially the more complicated and time-consuming cotton...".}}</ref>

Early industrialization was conducted by [[J. Pullar and Sons]] in Scotland.<ref name=reader>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-courier-advertiser-fife-edition/20160607/282772060836523 |title=John Pullar (1803–1878) |newspaper=The Courier & Advertiser |date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The first synthetic dye, [[mauveine|mauve]], was discovered [[serendipity|serendipitously]] by [[William Henry Perkin]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hübner |first1=Karl |title=150 Jahre Mauvein |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |date=August 2006 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200690054 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Travis |first1=Anthony S. |title=Perkin's Mauve: Ancestor of the Organic Chemical Industry |journal=Technology and Culture |date=1990 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=51–82 |doi=10.2307/3105760 |jstor=3105760 }}</ref><ref name="Murray1999">{{cite journal |last1=Eiland |first1=Murray Lee |title=Problems Associated with the Dissemination of Synthetic Dyes in the Oriental Carpet Industry |journal=Icon |date=1999 |volume=5 |pages=138–159 |jstor=23786082 }}</ref> The discovery of mauveine started a surge in synthetic dyes and in organic chemistry in general. Other [[aniline]] dyes followed, such as [[fuchsine]], [[safranine]], and [[induline]]. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Hunger |editor-first=K. |year=2003 |title=Industrial Dyes: Chemistry, Properties, Applications |location=Weinheim |publisher=Wiley-VCH | isbn=978-3-527-30426-4 | doi=10.1002/3527602011}}{{pn|date=October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zollinger |first=H. |year=2003 |title=Color Chemistry: Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments |edition=3rd |location=Weinheim |publisher=Wiley-VCH | isbn=978-3-906390-23-9}}{{pn|date=October 2024}}</ref>

The discovery of mauve also led to developments within [[immunology]] and [[chemotherapy]]. In 1863 the forerunner to [[Bayer AG]] was formed in what became [[Wuppertal]], [[Germany]]. In 1891, [[Paul Ehrlich]] discovered that certain cells or organisms took up certain dyes selectively. He then reasoned that a sufficiently large dose could be injected to kill pathogenic microorganisms, if the dye did not affect other cells. Ehrlich went on to use a compound to target [[syphilis]], the first time a chemical was used in order to selectively kill bacteria in the body. He also used [[methylene blue]] to target the [[plasmodium]] responsible for [[malaria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burrows |first1=Andy |last2=Holman |first2=John |last3=Parsons |first3=Andy |last4=Pilling |first4=Gwen |last5=Price |first5=Gareth |title=Chemistry³: Introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry |date=2009 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-927789-6 |pages=1005–1006 }}</ref>

[[File:Blick in Farbstoffsammlung 01.JPG|thumb|Historical collection of over 10,000 dyes at [[Technical University Dresden]], [[Germany]]]]