Editing Durham, England (section)

==Toponymy==
The name "Durham" comes from the [[Brittonic languages|Brythonic]] element {{lang|cel|[[dun (fortification)|dun]]}}, signifying a [[hill fort]], and the [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|holme}}, which translates as island.<ref name="Surtees">Surtees, R. (1816) ''History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham'' (Classical County Histories)</ref> The Lord [[Bishop of Durham]] uses a [[Latin]] variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "''N.'' Dunelm".<ref name="Surtees" /> Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the [[Dun Cow]] and the [[milkmaid]] who in legend guided the monks of [[Lindisfarne]] carrying the body of [[Saint Cuthbert]] to the site of the present city in 995 AD.<ref name="Liddy">{{Cite book
|last=Liddy
|first=Christian D
|title= The Bishopric of Durham in the Late Middle Ages: Lordship, Community and the Cult of St. Cuthbert
|year= 2008
|publisher=Boydell Press
|isbn= 978-1-84383-377-2
}}</ref> Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral.<ref name="Liddy" /> The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic ''Dun Holm'' was changed to ''Duresme'' by the Normans and was known in [[Latin]] as {{lang|la|Dunelm}}. The modern form ''Durham'' came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian [[Robert Surtees (antiquarian)|Robert Surtees]] chronicled the name changes in his ''History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham'' but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.<ref name="Surtees" />

Durham is likely to be {{lang|owl|Gaer Weir}} in [[Armes Prydein]], derived from [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] ''[[Caer|cajr]]'' meaning "an enclosed, defensible site, fort" from Latin {{lang|la|castrum}}, “fort, military settlement” (''cf.'' [[Carlisle]]; [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{lang|cy|caer}}) and the river-name ''Wear''.<ref name="BLITON">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan G. |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence – Guide to the Elements |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |website=Scottish Place Name Society – The Brittonic Language in the Old North |access-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307061257/https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>