Editing Duplicating machines (section)

==Polygraphs==
{{further|Polygraph (duplicating device)}}
[[File:1804 Jeffersons-Polygraph-Monticello Cville VA.jpg|thumb|200px|One of the polygraphs used by [[Thomas Jefferson]], a portable version]]
In document duplication (as opposed to [[Polygraph|law enforcement]] and such), a [[Polygraph (duplicating device)|polygraph]] is a mechanical device that moves a second pen parallel to one held by a writer, enabling the writer to make a duplicate of a document as it is written. Polygraphs appeared in the 17th century but did not become popular until 1800.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} [[John Isaac Hawkins]] and [[Charles Willson Peale]] patented a polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 [[Thomas Jefferson]] collaborated with them in working on improvements in the machine. He used a polygraph for the rest of his life.<ref>(1) {{cite web|author=[[Thomas Jefferson]] Encyclopedia|url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph|title=Historical Notes|work=Polygraph|location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]|publisher=Th: Jefferson's [[Monticello]]|accessdate=May 10, 2020|quote=Marked "Hawkins & Peale's Patent Polygraph No. 57," this machine was used by Jefferson from 1806 until his death. Jefferson first acquired the letter-copying device he called "the finest invention of the present age" in March of 1804. .... Before he returned to England in 1803, Hawkins assigned his American patent rights to Charles Willson Peale, who developed and marketed the invention. Jefferson was one of his most eager clients, purchasing one for the President's House and one for Monticello. He soon exchanged these machines for new ones, as Peale continued to perfect the design — often according to Jefferson's suggestions. By 1809 Jefferson wrote that "the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible . . . . I could not, now therefore, live without the Polygraph."|archive-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160141/https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/polygraph#footnote4_kj56gop|url-status=dead}}.<br />(2) {{cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|title=From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 15 January 1809|work=Founders Online|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|accessdate=April 13, 2020|quote=the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible, ...|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413082202/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-9549|url-status=dead}}.</ref> However, polygraphs were not practical for most office purposes and were never widely used in businesses. Hawkins & Peale lost money producing polygraphs. The problem was their "inherent instability, and constant need for repair and adjustment."