Editing Dunstanburgh Castle (section)

==History==

===Prehistory – 13th century===
The site of Dunstanburgh Castle in north-east [[Northumberland]] was probably first occupied in [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistoric times]].<ref name="oswald25">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=25}}</ref> A [[promontory fort]] with earthwork defences was built on the same location at the end of the Iron Age, possibly being occupied from the 3rd century BC into the [[Roman Britain|Roman period]].<ref name="oswald25"/> By the 14th century, the defences had been long abandoned, and the land was being used for [[arable farming|arable crops]].<ref name="english-heritage25">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=25}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Prehistory |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Dunstanburgh formed part of the [[feudal barony|barony]] of [[Embleton, Northumberland|Embleton]], a village that lies inland to the west, traditionally owned by the [[Earl of Lancaster|earls of Lancaster]].<ref name="Oswald 2006 17">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=17}}</ref>

The origins and the earliest appearance of the name "Dunstanburgh" are uncertain.<ref name="english-heritage25"/> Versions of the name, "Dunstanesburghe" and "Donstanburgh" were in use by the time of the castle's construction, however, and Dunstanburgh may stem from a combination of the name of the local village of Dunstan, and the Old English word "[[burh]]", meaning fortress.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=17}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Prehistory |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

===Early 14th century===

====Construction====

Dunstanburgh Castle was constructed by [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster]], between 1313 and 1322.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|pp=27, 29}}</ref> Thomas was an immensely powerful English [[baron]], the second richest man in England after the King, with major land holdings across the kingdom.<ref name="Oswald 2006 17"/> He had a turbulent relationship with his cousin, King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], and had been a ringleader in the capture and killing of Edward's [[royal favourite]], [[Piers Gaveston]], in 1312.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2003|pp=75–76}}</ref>

It is uncertain exactly why Thomas decided to build Dunstanburgh.<ref name="oswald92">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=92}}</ref> Although it was located on a strong defensive site, it was some distance from the local settlements and other strategic sites of value.<ref name="oswald92"/> Thomas held some lands in Northumberland, but they were insignificant in comparison to his other estates in the [[Midlands]] and [[Yorkshire]], and until 1313 he had paid them little attention.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=27}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/research/ | title=Research on Dunstanburgh Castle|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

In the years following Gaveston's death, however, civil conflict in England rarely seemed far away, and it is currently believed that Thomas probably intended to create a secure retreat, a safe distance away from Edward's forces in the south.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2003|pp=76–79}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=93}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/2-constructing-the-castle/ | title=Constructing the Castle at Dunstanburgh|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> He also probably hoped to erect a prominent status symbol, illustrating his wealth and authority, and challenging that of the King.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=93}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/2-constructing-the-castle/ | title=Constructing the Castle at Dunstanburgh|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> He may perhaps also have hoped to create a planned town alongside the castle, possibly intending to relocate the population of Embleton there.<ref name="oswald33">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=33}}</ref>

Building work on the castle had commenced by May 1313, with labourers beginning to excavate the [[moat]] and starting to construct the castle buildings.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=17–18}}</ref> Some of the outer walls may have been built by workers from Embleton as part of their [[feudal]] dues to Thomas.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=16}}</ref> The operations were overseen by a [[Stone mason|mason]], Master Elias, possibly Elias de Burton, who had been previously involved in the construction of [[Conwy Castle]] in [[North Wales]].<ref name="oswald18">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=18}}</ref> Iron, [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] coal and Scandinavian wood was brought in for use in the project.<ref name="oswald27">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=27}}</ref> By the end of the year £184 had been spent, and work continued for several years.<ref name="oswald18"/>{{refn|It is impossible to accurately compare 14th-century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, £184 represents about a third of the yearly income of a typical nobleman such as [[Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton|Richard le Scrope]], whose lands brought in around £600 a year.<ref>{{harvnb|Given-Wilson|1996|p=157}}</ref>|group="nb"}} A [[licence to crenellate]] – a form of royal authorisation for a new castle –  was issued by Edward II in 1316, and a castle [[constable]] was appointed in 1319, charged with defending both the castle and the surrounding manors of Embleton and Stamford.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=33}}</ref> By 1322 the castle was probably complete.<ref name="oswald18"/>

The resulting castle was huge, protected on one side by the sea cliffs, with a stone [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]], a massive [[gatehouse]], and six towers around the outside. A harbour was built on the south side of the fortress, enabling access from the sea. Northumbria was a lawless region in this period, suffering from the activities of thieves and ''schavaldours'', a type of border brigand, many of whom were members of Edward II's household, and the harbour may have represented a safer way to reach the castle than land routes.<ref>{{harvnb|King|2003|pp=115, 128}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=97}}</ref>

====Loss====
{{multiple image
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| footer = The Great Gatehouse (left), inspired by the gatehouse at [[Harlech Castle]] in North Wales (right)<ref name="Oswald 2011 5"/>
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Thomas of Lancaster made little use of his new castle; the only time he might have visited it was in 1319 when he was on his way north to join Edward's military campaign against Scotland.<ref name="oswald27"/> [[Despenser War|Civil war]] then broke out in 1321 between Edward and his enemies among the barons. After the initial royalist successes, Thomas fled the south of England for Dunstanburgh in 1322, but was intercepted en route by Sir [[Andrew Harclay]], resulting in the [[Battle of Boroughbridge]], in which Thomas was captured; he was later executed.<ref name="Oswald 2011 29">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=29}}</ref>

The castle passed into royal control, and Edward considered it a useful fortress for protection against the threat from Scotland.<ref name="Oswald 2011 29"/> Initially it was managed by [[Robert de Emeldon]], a merchant from Newcastle, and protected by a garrison of 40 men at arms and 40 light horsemen.<ref>{{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=6}} for merchant bit</ref> Roger Maduit, a politically rehabilitated former member of Thomas's army, was appointed as [[constable]], followed by Sir [[House of Lilburn|John de Lilburn]], a Northumberland ''schavaldour'' in 1323, who was in turn replaced by Roger Heron.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=30}}; {{harvnb|Cornell|2006|p=108}}</ref>

Maduit and the castle's garrison took part in the [[Battle of Old Byland]] in North Yorkshire in 1322, and the garrison was subsequently increased to 130 men, predominantly light horsemen, and formed a key part of the northern defences against the Scots.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2006|pp=8–9, 20–21, 260}}</ref> By 1326, the castle was given back to Thomas's brother, [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster]], with Lilburn returning as its constable, and continued to be of use in defence against the Scottish invasions over the next few decades.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=27}}; {{harvnb|Cornell|2006|p=108}}</ref>

===Late 14th century===
[[File:Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 984.jpg|thumb|The remains of the Constable's house and complex of buildings (left) and the Constable's Tower (right)]]
Dunstanburgh Castle was acquired by [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] through his marriage to Henry of Lancaster's granddaughter, [[Blanche of Lancaster|Blanche]], in 1362.<ref name="oswald30">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=30}}</ref> Gaunt was the 3rd son of King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] and, as the [[Duke of Lancaster]], was one of the wealthiest men of his generation. He became the Lieutenant of the [[Scottish Marches]] and visited his castle in 1380.<ref name="oswald30"/>

Dunstanburgh Castle was not a primary strategic target for Scottish attack, as it was positioned away from the main routes through the region, but it was kept well garrisoned during the Scottish wars.<ref name="blair8">{{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=8}}</ref> The surrounding manor of Embleton had nonetheless suffered from Scottish raids and Gaunt had concerns over the condition of the castle's defences, ordering the building of additional fortifications around the gatehouse.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=30}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=8}}</ref> Part of the surrounding lands around the castle may have been brought into agricultural production at this time, either to feed a growing garrison or to protect the crops against Scottish attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=45}}</ref>

In 1381 the [[Peasants' Revolt]] broke out in England, during which Gaunt was targeted by the rebels as an especially hated member of the administration.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2002|pp=67, 79}}</ref> He found himself stranded in the north of England in the early part of the revolt but considered Dunstanburgh insufficiently secure to function as a safe haven, and was forced to turn to [[Alnwick Castle]] instead, which refused to let him in, fearing that his presence would invite a rebel attack.<ref name="oswald30"/>

The experience encouraged Gaunt to further expand Dunstanburgh's defences over the next two years.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|pp=30, 32}}</ref> A wide range of work was carried out under the direction of the constable, Thomas of Ilderton, and the mason Henry of Holme, including blocking up the entrance in the gatehouse to turn it into a [[keep]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|pp=30, 32}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=8}}</ref> In 1384 a Scottish army attacked the castle but they lacked siege equipment and were unable to take the defences.<ref name="blair8"/> Gaunt lost interest in the property after he gave up his role as the Lieutenant of the Marches.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=22}}</ref> Dunstanburgh Castle remained part of the Duchy of Lancaster, but the duchy was annexed to the Crown when Gaunt's son, [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]], took the throne of England in 1399.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=32}}</ref>

===15th – 16th centuries===
[[File:Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 924510.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Lilburn Tower, seen from the edge of the outer bailey]]
The Scottish threat persisted, and in 1402 Dunstanburgh Castle's constable, probably accompanied by its garrison, took part in the [[Battle of Homildon Hill]] in north Northumberland.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2006|p=258}}</ref> [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] inherited the throne in 1422 and during the next few decades, numerous repairs were undertaken to the property's buildings and outer defences, which had fallen into disrepair.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|pp=8–9}}</ref> The [[Wars of the Roses]], a dynastic conflict between the rival houses of [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[House of York|York]], broke out in the middle of the 15th century.<ref name="oswald33"/> The castle was initially held by the Lancastrians, and the castle's constable, Sir Ralph Babthorpe, died at the [[First Battle of St Albans|Battle of St Albans]] in 1455, fighting for the Lancastrian Henry VI.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=9}}</ref>

The castle formed part of a sequence of fortifications protecting the eastern route into Scotland, and in 1461 King [[Edward IV]] attempted to break the Lancastrian stranglehold on the region.<ref name="oswald33"/> Sir Ralph Percy, one of the joint constables, defended the castle until September 1461, when he surrendered it to the Yorkists.<ref name="oswald33"/> In 1462, Henry VI's wife, [[Margaret of Anjou]], invaded England with a French army, landing at [[Bamburgh]]; Percy then switched sides and declared himself for the Lancastrians.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|pp=33–34}}</ref>

[[File:Dunstanburgh Castle and Whin Sill - geograph.org.uk - 109789.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The Gull Crag cliffs and Lilburn Tower]]
Another Yorkist army was dispatched north in November under the joint command of [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]] and [[John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester]], and Sir Ralph Grey.<ref name="oswald34">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=34}}</ref> They besieged the castle, which surrendered that Christmas.<ref name="oswald34"/> Percy was left in charge of Dunstanburgh as part of Edward IV's attempts at reconciliation, but the next year he once again switched sides, returning the castle to the Lancastrians.<ref name="blair10">{{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=22}}</ref> Percy died at the [[Battle of Hedgeley Moor]] in 1464, and the Earl of Warwick reoccupied the castle that June following a short siege.<ref name="blair10"/>

The castle was probably damaged during the wars, but, other than minor repairs in 1470, nothing was spent on repairs and it fell into disrepair.<ref name="oswald1955">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=22}}</ref> It was used as a base for [[piracy]] in 1470, and by the 1520s its roof was robbed for the lead for use at the [[Wark on Tweed Castle|castle at Wark-upon-Tweed]], and further lead and timber were taken for the [[moot hall]] in Embleton.<ref name="oswald1955"/> By 1538 it was described in a royal report to [[Henry VIII]] as "a very ruinous house and of small strength", and it was observed that only the gatehouse was still habitable.<ref name="oswald34"/> Some repairs were carried out to the walls by Sir William Ellerker, the King's receiver, but a 1543 survey showed it to still be in poor condition.<ref name="blair1955">{{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|pp=10–11}}</ref>

In 1550 the [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Warden of the Middle and Eastern Marches]], Sir [[Robert Bowes (lawyer)|Robert Bowes]], described Dunstanburgh as being "in wonderfull great decaye".<ref name="blair1955"/> A report in 1584 suggested that it would cost Queen [[Elizabeth I]] £1,000 to restore the castle, but argued that it was too far from the Scottish border to be worth repairing.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=11}}</ref> Alice Craster, a wealthy widow, occupied the castle from 1594 to 1597, probably living in the gatehouse, where she carried out restoration work, and farming the surrounding estate.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=24}}</ref> For much of the 16th century, local farmers bought the right to use the outer bailey of the castle to store their cattle in the event of Scottish raids, at the price of six pence a year.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=23–24}}</ref>

===17th – 19th centuries===
[[File:Thomas Girtin - Dustanborough Castle from a Distance - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A sketch of the castle by [[Thomas Girtin]], 1796]]
In 1603, the [[Union of the Crowns|unification of the Scottish and English crowns]] eliminated any residual need for Dunstanburgh Castle as a royal fortress.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=35}}</ref> The following year, King [[James I of England|James I]] sold the castle to Sir Thomas Windebank, Thomas Billott and William Blake, who in turn sold it onto Sir Ralph Grey, a nearby landowner, the following year.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/4-wars-of-the-roses/ | title=The Wars of the Roses|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Ralph's son, [[William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke]], was affirmed as the owner of the castle in 1625.<ref>{{harvnb|Tate|1869–72|p=91}}; {{harvnb|Bates|1891|p=187}}; {{cite web | url=http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=ead/gre/greyest.xml | title=Estate records of the Earls Grey and Lords Howick|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=Durham University}}</ref>

The Grey dynasty maintained their ownership of the castle, which passed into Lady [[Charles Bennet, 1st Earl of Tankerville|Mary Grey]]'s side of the family following a law case in 1704.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Tate|1869–72|pp=91–92}}</ref> The lands around the castle and the outer bailey were used for growing wheat, [[barley]] and [[oats]], and the walls were robbed of their stone for other building work.<ref name="oswald36">{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=36}}</ref> A small settlement, called Nova Scotia or Novia Scotia, was built on the site of the castle's harbour, possibly by Scottish immigrants.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=25}}</ref> Several engravings were published of the castle in the 18th century, including a somewhat inaccurate depiction by [[Samuel and Nathaniel Buck]] in 1720, and by [[Francis Grose]] and [[William Hutchinson (topographer)|William Hutchinson]] in 1773 and 1776 respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=9}}</ref>

[[File:Gatehouse of Dunstanburgh Castle, 1884.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Great Gatehouse in 1884, showing the partially-blocked passageway]]
Mary's descendants, the [[Earl of Tankerville|Earls of Tankerville]], owned the property until the heavily indebted [[Charles Bennet, 6th Earl of Tankerville]], sold it for £155,000 in 1869 to the trustees of the estate of the late Samuel Eyres.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Tate|1869–72|p=92}}; {{cite web | url=http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=ead/gre/greyest.xml | title=Estate records of the Earls Grey and Lords Howick|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=Durham University}}</ref>{{refn|£155,000 in 1869 would be worth between £13&nbsp;million and £244&nbsp;million in 2013 terms, depending on the financial measure used.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php | title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present | author1=Lawrence H. Officer | author2=Samuel H. Williamson | mode=cs2 |year=2014 | access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=MeasuringWorth | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826042917/http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php | archive-date=26 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|group="nb"}} There had been some attempts at restoration in the early 19th century, and the passageway through the gatehouse was modified and reopened in 1885.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=37}}; {{cite web | url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1007507 | title=List Entry|mode=cs2 |access-date=6 July 2015 | publisher=Historic England}}</ref> The historian [[Cadwallader John Bates]] undertook fieldwork at the castle in the 1880s, publishing a comprehensive work in 1891, and a professional architectural plan of the ruins was produced in 1893.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=9–10}}</ref> Nonetheless, a representative of the estate expressed his concern to the [[Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne]] about the condition of the castle in 1898, noting the poor repair of much of the stonework and the importance of the ongoing preservation work that the estate was undertaking.<ref>{{harvnb|The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|1898|pp=113–114}}</ref>

Dunstanburgh's ruins became a popular subject for artists from the end of the 18th century onwards.<ref name="oswald36"/> [[Thomas Girtin]] toured the region and painted the castle, his picture dominated by what art historian [[Souren Melikian]] describes as "the forces of nature unleashed", with "wild waves" and dark clouds swirling around the ruins.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-dunstanborough-castle-r1131720 | title=J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours|year = 2008| author = Matthew Imms|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | work=Tate Etc.| isbn=9781849763868}}; {{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/14/style/14iht-melik_ed3_.html | title=London Exhibition : A Draftsman's Sense, an Artist's Sensibility|year = 2002| author = Souren Melikian|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[J. M. W. Turner]] was influenced by Girtin, and when he first painted the castle in 1797 he similarly focused on the wind and the waves around the ancient ruins, taking some [[artistic licence]] with the view of the castle to reinforce its sense of isolated and former grandeur.<ref>{{harvnb|Bryant|1996|p=64}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/jmw-turners-dunstanburgh-castle-poetry-imagination-and-reality/ | title=JMW Turner's 'Dunstanburgh Castle': poetry, imagination and reality|mode=cs2 |author= Sarah Richardson|year = 2012| access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=Tyne and Wear Museums}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/research/ | title=Research on Dunstanburgh Castle|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}; {{cite book | url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-dunstanborough-castle-r1131720 | title=J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours|year = 2008| author = Matthew Imms|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | work=Tate Etc.| isbn=9781849763868}}</ref> Turner drew on his visit to produce further works in [[oil painting|oils]], [[watercolour]]s, [[etching]]s, and [[sketch (drawing)|sketch]]es, through until the 1830s, making the castle one of the most common subjects in his corpus of work.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-dunstanborough-castle-r1131720 | title=J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours|year = 2008| author = Matthew Imms|mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | work=Tate Etc.| isbn=9781849763868}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=69}}</ref>

A similarly wild view was painted by [[Thomas Allom]] showing a ship in a heavy sea offshore, the wreck of which is taken up by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in her poetical illustration to an engraving of that work {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Dunstanburgh Castle|Dunstanburgh Castle]]}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA58|section=picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA60|section=poetical illustration|pages=61-62|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Pillbox overlooking Embleton Bay, north of Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 818577.jpg|thumb|A type 24 concrete [[pillbox (military)|pillbox]] from the [[Second World War]], positioned north of the castle<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=53}}</ref>]]
A golf course was constructed alongside the castle in 1900, and the estate was later sold to Sir [[Arthur Sutherland]], a wealthy shipowner, in 1919.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=33–34}}</ref> Sutherland opened an additional course at the castle in 1922, designed by the Scottish golfer, [[James Braid (golfer)|James Braid]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=34}}</ref> The costs of maintaining the property became too much for him and, after undertaking eight years of clearance work in the 1920s, he placed the castle into the guardianship of the state in 1930, with the [[First Commissioner of Works|Commissioners of Works]] taking control of the property.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=11, 20}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=11}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Into the 20th century |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Archaeological investigations were carried out as part of the clearance work by H. Honeyman in 1929, exposing more of the main gatehouse, and further work was carried out under [[Robert Carr Bosanquet|Robert Bosanquet]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=13}}</ref> Aerial photography was carried out by [[Walter Aitchison]] for the [[Ordnance Survey]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=15}}</ref>

Shortly after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], concerns grew in the British government about the [[Operation Sealion|threat of German invasion]] along the east coast of England.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=87}}</ref> The bays just to the north of Dunstanburgh Castle were vulnerable targets for an enemy amphibious landing, and efforts were made to fortify the castle and the surrounding area in 1940, as part of a wider line of defences erected by Sir [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside|Edmund Ironside]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=87}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=52}}</ref>

The castle itself was occupied by a unit of the [[Royal Armoured Corps]], who served as observers; the soldiers appear to have relied on the stone walls for protection rather than trenches, and, unusually, no additional firing points were cut out of the stonework, as typically happened elsewhere.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Into the 20th century |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> The surrounding beaches were defended with lines of [[barbed wire]], slit [[trenches]] and square weapons pits, reinforced by concrete [[pillbox (military)|pillbox]]es to the north and south of the castle, at least partially laid down by the 1st Battalion [[Essex Regiment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89}}</ref>

[[File:Six Spot Burnet Moth, Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 121013.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Six-spot burnet]] moth, part of the [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] around the castle]]
A {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} wide ditch was dug at the north end of the moat to prevent [[tank]]s from breaking through and following the track south past the castle, and a {{convert|545|by|151|ft|m|adj=on}} wide [[Anti-personnel mine|anti-personnel]] [[minefield]] was laid to the south-west to prevent infantry soldiers from circumventing the castle's defences and advancing down into Craster.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=89–90}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=53}}</ref> After the end of the war, the barbed wire was cleared away from the beaches by local Italian prisoners of war, although the two pillboxes, the remnants of the anti-tank ditch and some of the trenches and weapons pits remain.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89–90}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=56, 58}}</ref>

In 1961, Arthur's son, Sir Ivan Sutherland, passed the estate to the [[National Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=MDT-Type&blobheadername3=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=inline%3B+filename%3D297%252F965%252Fnt_acquisitions_dec2011-2%252C2.pdf&blobheadervalue2=abinary%3B+charset%3DUTF-8&blobheadervalue3=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1349117284549&ssbinary=true |title=Acquisitions up to 2011: An Historical Summary of Trust Acquisitions (Including Covenants) |page=101 |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 |publisher=The National Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144751/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=MDT-Type&blobheadername3=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=inline%3B+filename%3D297%252F965%252Fnt_acquisitions_dec2011-2%252C2.pdf&blobheadervalue2=abinary%3B+charset%3DUTF-8&blobheadervalue3=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1349117284549&ssbinary=true |archive-date=14 July 2014  }}</ref> Archaeological surveys were carried out in 1985, 1986 and 1989 by [[Durham University]], and between 2003 and 2006 researchers from [[English Heritage]] carried a major archaeological investigation of {{convert|35|hectare}} of land around the castle.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=16}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the castle remains owned by the National Trust and is managed by [[English Heritage]].<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=5}}</ref> The site is a [[Scheduled monument|Scheduled Ancient Monument]] and the ruins are protected under UK law as a [[Listed building|Grade I listed building]].<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=7}}</ref> It lies within the [[Northumberland Coast National Landscape|Northumberland Coast]] [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is part of a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]], with parts of the site comprising a [[Special Protection Area]] for the conservation of wild birds.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=7–8}}</ref> The National Trust has encouraged the land around the outside of the castle to remain waterlogged to enable the conservation of [[amphibians]] and bird species, and the inside of the castle is protected from grazing animals to encourage nesting birds.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=4–5}}</ref>