Editing Duke of Norfolk (section)

== History ==
[[File:John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk.jpg|thumb|[[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk]] (3rd creation)]]
[[File:Howard Augmentation.svg|thumb|Augmentation to the arms of [[Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk]], for his services at the [[Battle of Flodden]]
'''[[Blazon]]:''' ''The Royal Shield of Scotland, having a demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow.''
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[[File:Coats of arms of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk.svg|thumb|150px|Arms of [[Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk]] (1st Creation)]]

Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod [[Earl of Norfolk|Earls of Norfolk]], starting with [[Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod]] from [[Normandy]] (died 1107). Their male line ended with [[Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk]], who died without an heir in 1306, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] then granted his brother, [[Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk|Thomas of Brotherton]], the title of [[Earl of Norfolk]] in 1312. It passed to Thomas's daughter (and granddaughter of Edward I), [[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk|Margaret]], and then to her grandson, [[Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Mowbray]].

When [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] made Thomas Mowbray the Duke of Norfolk in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including [[Earl Marshal]]) that had belonged to the Earls of Norfolk. His elderly grandmother, Margaret, was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, months after his grandmother, and his dukedom was repealed. His widow took the title of ''Countess of Norfolk''.<ref>C. Given-Wilson, 'Mowbray, Thomas (I), first duke of Norfolk (1366–1399)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref>

Between 1401 and 1476, the [[House of Mowbray|Mowbray family]] held the title and estates of the Duke of Norfolk. [[John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk]], died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old [[Anne Mowbray]]. A [[arranged marriage|marriage was arranged]] between Anne and [[Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower)|Richard, Duke of York]], the 4-year-old son of [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]. She remained Richard's [[child marriage|child bride]] until she died at the age of 8.

In accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk. However, upon the death of Edward IV, the throne was offered to Edward's brother, [[Richard III of England|Richard III]]. After Prince Richard was lodged in June 1483 in the Tower of London, where his elder brother (briefly [[Edward V of England|Edward V]]) was too, both Richard and Edward were declared illegitimate. They subsequently [[The Princes in the Tower|disappeared]], and the titles of both York and Norfolk were forfeited to the crown.

This left [[John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk|John Howard]], the son of Thomas Mowbray's elder daughter Margaret, as heir to the dukedom, and his support for Richard III's accession secured his creation as 1st Duke of Norfolk in 1483, in the title's third creation. From this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard, except for periods when it was temporarily forfeited.

The Catholic faith of the Howard dynasty often resulted in conflict with the reigning monarch, particularly during and after the reign of Henry VIII. In 1546, [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Thomas Howard, the third Duke]], fell out of favour with the dying Henry and was attainted on 27 January 1547; he was stripped of his titles and his lands reverted to the Crown. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, he narrowly escaped execution through Henry's death the following day, but remained imprisoned until the death of Edward VI and the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary to the English throne in 1553, upon which his lands and titles were restored to him. However, the Duke died the following year aged around 81, and was succeeded by his grandson Thomas as the fourth Duke of Norfolk.

Following Mary's death in 1558 and the accession of her sister Elizabeth I, the Duke was imprisoned for scheming to marry Elizabeth's cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. After his release under house arrest in 1570 and subsequent participation in the [[Ridolfi plot]] to enthrone Mary and Catholicism in England, he was executed in 1572 for treason and his lands and titles again became forfeit.

In 1660, the fourth Duke's great-great-grandson, the 23rd Earl of Arundel, was restored to the family lands and dukedom. Mentally infirm, the fifth Duke never married and died in 1677. He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk|Henry]] as the 6th Duke, through whom the [[Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk|7th Duke]], [[Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk|8th Duke]] and [[Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk|9th Duke of Norfolk]] were descended in the male-line.

At the death of the 9th Duke, the title was inherited in 1777 by his heir male, [[Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk|Charles Howard]], a grandson of Charles Howard of Greystoke, a younger brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes. He was succeeded by his son, [[Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk|Charles]], whose lack of a legitimate male heir resulted in the title passing to [[Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk|Bernard Howard]], a great-grandson of Bernard Howard of Glossop, the youngest brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes. The title then passed to his son in 1842, [[Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk]], who was the father of [[Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk]], and [[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop]]. By [[royal licence]] dated 26 April 1842, the 13th Duke added "Fitzalan" before his children's surnames (but not his own), so they all became Fitzalan-Howard, which surname their male-line descendants have borne ever since.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20095 |date=29 April 1842 |page=1170 }}</ref> Their ancestor, [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]], married [[Mary FitzAlan]] (daughter and heiress of [[Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel]]) in 1555.<ref>Mosley, Charles (ed.) ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage &amp; Knightage'', 107th edition, volume 2. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003. Page 2821.</ref>

The title passed through the line of the elder brother from 1856 until the death in 1975 of [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk]] without male issue. Consequently, he was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, [[Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk]], who was a great-grandson of the aforementioned [[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop|1st Baron Howard of Glossop]].

The current Duke of Norfolk is [[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk]], who succeeded his father, [[Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk]], in 2002. He succeeded as  18th Duke of Norfolk (Premier Duke of England), 36th [[Earl of Arundel]] (Premier Earl of England), 19th [[Earl of Surrey]], 16th [[Earl of Norfolk]], 13th [[Baron Beaumont]], 26th [[Baron Maltravers]], 16th [[Baron FitzAlan]], 16th Baron Clun, 16th [[Baron Oswaldestre]], and 5th [[Baron Howard of Glossop]].<ref>Dod's Parliamentary Companion. Vacher Dod Publishing, Limited. 2004. p. 666.</ref>

The 15th Duke of Norfolk owned almost 50,000 acres with 19,400 acres in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 21,000 acres in Sussex and 4,400 acres in Norfolk.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/greatlandownerso00bateuoft/page/334/mode/1up The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland]</ref>