Editing Duke of Newcastle (section)

== Creations ==

=== First creation (1665) ===
[[File:Arms of Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle.svg|thumb|Arms of Cavendish, Sable three bucks' heads cabossed argent, a crescent for different.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burke |first= Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke  |title= The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884|publisher=Harrison & sons|location=London |pages=178|url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/178/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Cavendish}}</ref>]]
[[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle]], was a son of [[Charles Cavendish (1553–1617)|Charles Cavendish]], himself the third son of [[William Cavendish (courtier)|Sir William Cavendish]] and his wife [[Bess of Hardwick]]. One of Charles Cavendish's elder brothers became the [[William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire|1st Earl of Devonshire]] (see [[Duke of Devonshire]] for further history about this branch of the family).

The first duke, William Cavendish, was the son of Charles Cavendish and his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th [[Baron Ogle]]. William Cavendish became '''Viscount Mansfield''' in 1620, and in 1621, he was created '''Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne''' and '''Baron Cavendish of Bolsover'''. He succeeded his mother as ninth Baron Ogle in 1629, and he became '''Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne''' in 1643. He was elevated to the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1665. He also was granted the title of '''Earl of Ogle''' as a [[subsidiary title]] for the [[wikt:dukedom|dukedom]], to be used as a [[courtesy title]] by his [[heir apparent]]. Upon his death in 1676, he was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, who was a politician. However, the second Duke's only son and heir apparent (Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle) predeceased him. Therefore, upon the second Duke's death in 1691, all of these many titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle, which fell into [[abeyance]] between the second duke's four daughters (one of whom was [[Elizabeth Monck, Duchess of Albemarle|Lady Elizabeth Cavendish]]).

=== Second creation (1694) ===
[[File:Arms of Holles.svg|thumb|Arms of Holles, Ermine, two piles in point sable.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burke |first= Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke  |title= The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884|publisher=Harrison & sons|location=London |pages=500|url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/500/mode/2up?view=theater&q=holles}}</ref>]]
The second Duke's third daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish (1661-1717), married [[John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare]], who was incidentally her first cousin, her mother's sister's son. In 1694, the dukedom was revived when he was created '''Marquess of Clare''' and '''Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne'''. The Holles family descended from [[John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare|John Holles]], who was created '''Baron Haughton''', of [[Haughton, Nottinghamshire|Haughton]] in Nottinghamshire, in 1616 and '''Earl of Clare''' in 1624. His second son was a politician, [[Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles]]. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented [[East Retford (UK Parliament constituency)|East Retford]], Nottinghamshire, in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and served as [[Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire]]. His son, the third Earl, was briefly [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Nottinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottinghamshire]] in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl of Clare, who married a daughter of the second Duke of Newcastle. In 1694, three years after the title became extinct, the Dukedom of Newcastle was revived and granted to the late Duke's son-in-law. The new duke of Newcastle and his wife, Lady Margaret, had only one daughter and no sons. Therefore, on his death in 1711, all his titles became extinct.

=== Third creation (1715) and Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756) ===
[[File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]] and [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]]]]
The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles (died 1700), married [[Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham]] (see [[Earl of Chichester]] for earlier history of the Pelham family). Their elder son [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas]], upon his uncle's death in 1711, succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional [[surname]] and [[coat of arms|arms]] of Holles. In 1714, the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created '''Viscount Haughton''' and '''Earl of Clare''', with remainder to his younger brother [[Henry Pelham]]. The following year, the dukedom was revived when he was made '''Marquess of Clare''' and '''Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne''', with like [[Remainder (law)#Special remainder in peerages|special remainder]]. These titles were in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]]. In 1756, when his brother died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children, the Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was additionally created '''Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne'''{{sic}} with a different special remainder: to his nephew-by-marriage [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle|Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln]], who rapidly took on the additional surname Pelham. (For the history of this title from the 1768 inheritance upon the 1st Duke's death, see [[Earl of Lincoln]].) The 1st Duke's other titles became extinct, except for the Pelham [[baronetcy]] (of Laughton) and the [[baron]]y of Pelham (of Stanmer), which devolved to his first cousin once-removed, [[Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester|Thomas Pelham]]. (For the history of these titles, see [[Earl of Chichester]].)

Extensive personal, transaction and estate papers of the dukes are held in the [[Duke of Portland|Portland]] ([[Welbeck Abbey|Welbeck]]) and [[Earl of Lincoln|Newcastle]] ([[Clumber Park|Clumber]]) collections at the [[University of Nottingham]]'s [[Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham|Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections]].