Editing Duke of Lancaster (section)

==History==
{{See also|Earl of Lancaster}}
There were three creations of the dukedom of Lancaster during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The first creation was on 6 March 1351 for [[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster|Henry of Grosmont, 4th Earl of Lancaster]], a great-grandson of Henry III; he was also [[Earl of Leicester|4th Earl of Leicester]], [[Earl of Derby|1st Earl of Derby]], [[Earl of Lincoln|1st Earl of Lincoln]] and [[Lord of Bowland]]. When he died in 1361 the peerage became extinct.

The second creation was on 13 November 1362, for [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond]] and third surviving son of [[Edward III of England|King Edward III]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Duchy of Lancaster|url=http://www.lancastercastle.com/history-heritage/duchy-of-lancaster/|access-date=25 December 2019|website=Lancaster Castle}}</ref> He became Henry of Grosmont's son-in-law through his marriage to [[Blanche of Lancaster]], Henry's second daughter and eventual heir. When Gaunt died on 4 February 1399 the dukedom passed to his son, [[Henry IV of England|Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st duke of Hereford]]. Later that same year Bolingbroke usurped the throne of England from [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], becoming [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]], at which point the dukedom [[merged in the Crown]].

Henry re-created the dukedom on 10 November 1399 for his eldest son [[Henry V of England|Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales]]. In 1413 Monmouth ascended the throne as [[Henry V of England|King Henry V]] and the dukedom merged in the crown again, where it has remained ever since.

Nevertheless, the title continues to be used to refer to the monarch in relation to [[Lancashire]] and the [[Duchy of Lancaster]], the estate associated with the former dukedom. It was customary at formal dinners in the [[Historic Counties of England|historic county]] boundaries of Lancashire and in Lancastrian regiments of the armed forces for the [[Loyal toast|Loyal Toast]] to be announced as "The King, Duke of Lancaster".{{cn|date=November 2024}} Traditionally in Lancashire, the [[God Save the King|national anthem]] was sung as "God save our gracious King, [[long live our noble Duke]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Tulloch|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-gTDQAAQBAJ&q=%22God+save+our+gracious+Queen,+long+live+our+noble+Duke,%22&pg=PT86|title=The Little Book of Lancashire|publisher=History Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-7524-9746-4|location=[[Stroud]], [[Gloucestershire]]|page=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ucc7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83&dq=The+national+anthem+was+slightly+altered+in+Lancashire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiuv627h_aJAxWaXUEAHRzXEnMQuwV6BAgMEAc#v=onepage&q=The%20national%20anthem%20was%20slightly%20altered%20in%20Lancashire&f=false 86]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2024}} as it is each Sunday morning in the [[Savoy Chapel]] in London, a church attached to the Duchy.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 December 2003|title=The Reverend John Williams|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1450151/The-Reverend-John-Williams.html}}</ref>  However, the legal basis for the sovereign to use the title has been disputed as the right to inheritance of the title only arises upon each creation, which is different than the crown's right to the duchy's estate after the merger. In particular, [[George V]] was given legal advice that it was “extremely unlikely” that he was the duke of Lancaster.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Christopher|last1=Hibbert|first2=Ben|last2=Weinreb|first3=John|last3=Keay|first4=Julia|last4=Keay|title=The London Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&dq=Victoria%2520%2522duke%2520of%2520lancaster%2522&pg=PA250|publisher=Pan Macmillan|date=9 September 2011|isbn=978-0-230-73878-2|page=250|edition=3rd}}</ref>

=== First creation, 1351–1361 ===
{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}}
| '''[[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster|Henry of Grosmont]]'''<br />[[House of Plantagenet]]<br />''{{Small|also [[Earl of Derby]] (1337), [[Earl of Leicester]] (1345), [[Earl of Lancaster]] (1345), [[Earl of Lincoln]] (1349), [[Earl of Moray]] (1359), [[Lord of Beaufort and Nogent]] (1345)}}''
| [[File:Portrait of Henry, Duke of Lancaster - William Bruges's Garter Book (c.1440-1450), f.8 - BL Stowe MS 594 (cropped).jpg|100px|Henry of Grosmont]] || {{circa|1310}}<br />[[Grosmont Castle]]<br />son of [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster]] and [[Maud Chaworth]]|| [[Isabel of Beaumont]]<br />{{circa|1337}}<br />2 children
| 23 March 1361<br />[[Leicester Castle]]<br />aged 50–51
|-
| colspan="5" | Henry of Grosmont died in 1361 without male issue.
|}

=== Second creation, 1362–1399 ===
{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}}
| '''[[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]]'''<br />[[House of Lancaster]] {{Small|(founder)}}<br />''{{Small|also [[Duke of Aquitaine#Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine|Duke of Aquitaine]] (1390), [[Earl of Richmond]] (1342–1372), [[Earl of Leicester]], [[Earl of Lancaster]], [[Earl of Derby]], [[Baron of Halton]] (1361)}}''
| [[File:Johnofgaunt.jpg|100px|John of Gaunt]]
| 6 March 1340<br />[[Ghent]]<br />son of [[Edward III]] and [[Philippa of Hainault]]|| [[Blanche of Lancaster]]<br />19 May 1359 – 12 September 1368<br />8 children<br />[[Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster|Constance of Castile]]<br />21 September 1371 – 24 March 1394<br />2 children<br />[[Katherine Swynford]]<br />13 January 1396<br />4 children
| 3 February 1399<br />[[Leicester Castle]]<br />aged 58
|-
| '''[[Henry Bolingbroke]]'''<br />[[House of Lancaster]]<br />''{{Small| also [[Duke of Hereford]] (1397), [[Earl of Northampton]] (1337)}}''
| [[File:Illumination of Henry IV (cropped).jpg|100px|Henry Bolingbroke]]
| {{circa|April 1367}}<br />[[Bolingbroke Castle]]<br />son of [[John of Gaunt]] and [[Blanche of Lancaster]]
| [[Mary de Bohun]]<br /> {{circa|1381}} – 4 June 1394<br />6 children<br />[[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan of Navarre]]<br />7 February 1403<br />no children
| 20 March 1413<br />[[Westminster]]<br />aged 46
|-
| colspan=5 | Henry Bolingbroke seized the throne as [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] in 1399, and all of his titles merged with the crown.
|}

===Third creation, 1399–1413===

{{Nobility table header|name=Duke}}
| '''[[Henry of Monmouth]]'''<br />[[House of Lancaster]]<br />''{{Small|also [[Prince of Wales]] and [[Earl of Chester]] (1399), [[Duke of Cornwall]] (1337), Duke of Aquitaine (1390)}}''
| [[File:Henry5.JPG|100px|Henry of Monmouth]]
| 16 September 1386<br />[[Monmouth Castle]]<br />son of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] and [[Mary de Bohun]]|| [[Catherine of Valois]]<br />2 June 1420<br />1 child
| 31 August 1422<br />[[Château de Vincennes]]<br />aged 35
|-
| colspan=5 | Henry of Monmouth succeeded to the throne as [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] in 1413, and his titles merged with the crown.
|}