Editing Dubrovnik (section)

==Names==
The names ''Dubrovnik'' and ''Ragusa'' co-existed for several centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook to the Mediterranean - Its Cities, Coasts and Islands|year=1890|page=322|publisher=J. Murray}}</ref> ''Ragusa'', recorded in various forms since at least the 10th century (in [[Latin]], [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], [[Italian language|Italian]]; in {{langx|vec|Raguxa}}), remained the official name of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] until 1808, and of the city within the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] until 1918, while ''Dubrovnik'', first recorded in the late 12th century, was in widespread use by the late 16th or early 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Oleh Havrylyshyn |author2=Nora Srzentić |title=Institutions Always 'Mattered': Explaining Prosperity in Mediaeval Ragusa (Dubrovnik) |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=10 December 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WSpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610162719/https://books.google.com/books?id=-WSpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2017 |page=59 |isbn=9781137339782 }}</ref>

The name ''Dubrovnik'' of the Adriatic city is first recorded in the [[Charter of Ban Kulin]] (1189).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leksikon.muzej-marindrzic.eu/bosna/ |title=Bosna |work=Leksikon Marina Držića |year=2017 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography]] and House of Marin Držić |language=hr |access-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref> The most common explanation for the origin is from a [[Proto-Slavic]] word {{lang|sla|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dǫbъ|dǫbъ]]|italics=yes}} meaning 'oak', and the term {{lang|cu-Latn|dubrovnik}} referring to 'oak wood' or 'oak forest', as {{wt|sla-pro|dǫbrava}} means 'oakwood', 'forest'.{{sfn|Kravar|1994|p=77}}

The historical name ''Ragusa'' is recorded in the Greek form {{lang|grc|Ῥαούσιν}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|Rhaousin}}, Latinized {{lang|la|Ragusium}}) in the 10th century. It was recorded in various forms in the medieval period, ''Rausia'', ''Lavusa'', ''Labusa'', ''Raugia'', ''Rachusa''. Various attempts have been made to etymologize the name. Suggestions include derivation from Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ῥάξ}}, {{lang|grc|ῥαγός}} "grape"; from Greek {{lang|grc|ῥώξ}}, {{lang|grc|ῥωγός}} "narrow passage"; Greek {{lang|grc|ῥωγάς}} "ragged (of rocks)", {{lang|grc|ῥαγή}} ({{lang|grc|ῥαγάς}}) "fissure"; from the name of the Epirote tribe of the ''Rhogoi'', from an unidentified [[Illyrian language|Illyrian]] substrate. A connection to the name of [[Ragusa, Italy|Sicilian Ragusa]] has also been proposed. It has been proposed by [[Vladimir Orel|V. Orel]] that the [[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]] *''rāguša'' of Albanian ''[[wiktionary:rrush|rrush]]'' 'grape' is related to ''Ragusa'' or the source of the name. Putanec (1993) gives a review of etymological suggestion, and favours an explanation of the name as pre-Greek ("[[Pelasgians#Language|Pelasgian]]"), from a root cognate to Greek {{lang|grc|ῥαγή}} "fissure", with a suffix ''-ussa'' also found in the Greek name of [[Brač]], ''Elaphousa''.<ref name="Putanec">{{cite journal|first=Valentin|last=Putanec|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/69329|title=Naziv Labusedum iz 11. st. za grad Dubrovnik|journal=Rasprave|publisher=[[Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics]]|date=June 1993|volume=19|language=hr|pages=289–301|format=PDF|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The name of the city in the native [[Dalmatian language]], now extinct, was {{lang|dlm|Ragusa}}, as shown by a 1325 letter in Dalmatian.<ref>Bartoli M. G. Il Dalmatico: Resti di un'antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica / A cura di Aldo Duro. Rome: Instituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000. pp. 1—350. (Biblioteca dell'Enciclopedia: lingua e letteratura). {{isbn|978-6-00-000371-5}}.</ref> In Albanian, the city was historically referred to as ''[[wikt:Rush|Rush]]'' ({{lang-sq-definite|Rushi}}), from Latin ''Ragusium.''<ref>Mansaku, Seit (1982). Studime Filologjike. Tirana: Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike. fq. 110</ref>

The classical explanation of the name is due to [[Constantine VII]]'s ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (10th century). According to this account, Ragusa ({{lang|grc|Ῥαούσιν}}) is the foundation of the refugees from [[Epidaurum]] ([[Ragusa Vecchia]]), a Greek city situated some {{cvt|15|km|0}} to the south of Ragusa, when that city was destroyed in the Slavic incursions of the 7th century. The name is explained as a corruption of a [[Dalmatae]]/[[Romance languages|Romance]] word ''Lausa'', the name of the rocky island on which the city was built (connected by Constantine to Greek {{lang|grc|λᾶας}} "rock, stone").{{sfn|Kravar|1994|p=78}}