Editing Drag queen (section)

==Terminology, scope, and etymology==
[[File:Drag queens argentinas 1995 crop.jpg|thumb|Drag queens from [[Buenos Aires]] advertising a nightclub, 1995]]

===Drag term===
{{main|Drag (entertainment)}}
The term ''drag'' may date as far back as the [[Elizabethan era]] in England,<ref name="Gerstner-2012">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture |editor-last1=Gerstner |editor-first1=David A. |title=Drag |last1=Baroni |first1=Monica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=851qoMjA3icC&pg=PA191 |date=2012 |orig-year=1st pub. 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-76181-2 |oclc=815980386 |pages=191 |access-date=27 April 2018 }}</ref> whereas the first recorded use of ''drag'' in this context is from 1870.<ref name="González-2008">{{cite book |editor1=María de los Ángeles Gómez González |editor2=J. Lachlan Mackenzie |editor3=Elsa M. González Álvarez Tan|author1=Felix Rodriguez Gonzales |title=Languages and Cultures in Contrast and Comparison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ |series=Pragmatics & beyond new series v 175 |date=26 June 2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia |page=231 |chapter=The feminine stereotype in gay characterization: A look at English and Spanish |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |isbn=978-90-272-9052-6 |oclc=860469091  |access-date=29 April 2017 }}</ref> There are several other possible origins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=drag |title=Drag |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |title=William Dorsey Swann |first=Channing Gerard |last=Joseph |journal=African American National Biography |date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902155525/https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditionally, drag involves [[cross-dressing]] and transforming ones sex through the use of makeup and other costume devices.<ref name="NCTE">{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|title=Understanding Drag|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equity|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165207/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mansbridge">{{Cite journal |last=Mansbridge |first=Joanna |title=Fantasies of Exposure: Belly Dancing, the Veil, and the Drag of History |url=https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |journal=Journal of Popular Culture |date=January 2016 |volume=49 |pages=29–56 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12381 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410130335/https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |url-status=live |hdl=11693/37441 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However, under newer conceptions of drag, conceivably performing an exaggerated and heightened form of one's own gender could be considered a drag performance.<ref name="Whitely">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdwrBgAAQBAJ&dq=definition+drag&pg=PA30|title=Queering the Popular Pitch|year=2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781136093708|pages=29–30|editor-first=Jennifer|editor-last= Rycenga|editor-first2= Sheila|editor-last2=Whiteley}}</ref>

===Female impersonator===
{{main|Female impersonation}}
The term ''female impersonation'' refers to a type of theatrical performance where a man dresses in women's clothing for the sole purpose of entertaining an audience.<ref name="SQ"/> The term ''female impersonator'' is sometimes used interchangeably with drag queen, although they are not the same.<ref name="SQ"/> For example, in 1972, Esther Newton described a female impersonator as a "professional drag queen".<ref name="newton_3"/> She considered the term ''female impersonator'' to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.<ref name="newton_3"/> However, feminist and queer studies scholar Sarah French defined a clear separation between these two terms. She defined drag as an art form associated with [[queer identity]] whereas female impersonation comes from a wide a range of [[gender identity]] paradigms, including [[heteronormativity]]. Additionally, many drag artists view drag as a lived form of self-expression or creativity, and perceive drag as something that is not limited to the stage or to performance. In contrast, female impersonation is specifically limited to performance and may or may not involve an LGBTQI point of view.<ref name="SQ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvKqDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22female+impersonator%22+%22drag+queen%22&pg=PA94|title=Staging Queer Feminism|page=94|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|isbn=9781137465436|first=Sarah |last=French|date=13 April 2017 }}</ref>

Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gewertz|first=Ken|date=17 July 2003|title=When men were men (and women, too)|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Harvard Gazette|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211052711/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of [[vaudeville]] it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being [[Julian Eltinge]]. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=6 April 2018|title=Drag Herstory: This Drag Queen Was Once the Highest Paid Actor in the World|url=https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=them.|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051829/https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Tribble]] was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in [[Black Vaudeville]].<ref name="Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Tribble, Andrew A. |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/59 |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

In the twentieth century some gender impersonators, both female and male, in the United States became highly successful performing artists in non-LGBTQ nightclubs and theaters. There was a concerted effort by these working female and male impersonators in America, to separate the art of gender impersonation from queer identity with an overt representation of working gender impersonators as heterosexual. Some of the performers were in fact cisgender heterosexual men and women, but others were closeted LGBTQI individuals due to the politics and social environment of the period. It was criminal in many American cities to be homosexual, or for LGBTQI people to congregate, and it was therefore necessary for female and male impersonators to distance themselves from identifying as queer publicly in order to avoid criminal charges and loss of career. The need to hide and dissociate from queer identity was prevalent among gender impersonators working in non-LGBTQ nightclubs before heteronormative audiences as late as the 1970s.<ref name="Glitter">{{cite book|chapter=Chapters 4 & 5|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last= Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]|isbn=9780369733016}}</ref>

Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen [[José Sarria]] to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |title=>> social sciences >> Sarria, José |publisher=glbtq |date=12 December 1923 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005833/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> American drag queen [[RuPaul]] once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"<ref>Susan Corso (15 April 2009). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html Drag Queen Theology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195405/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html|date=24 July 2010}} Retrieved: 1 April 2018.</ref>

===Drag queens and kings===
The meaning of the term ''drag queen'' has changed across time. The term first emerged in New York City in the 1950s, and initially had two meanings. The first meaning referred to an amateur performer who did not make a living in drag but may have participated in amateur public performances such as those held at a [[Cross-dressing ball|drag ball]] or a [[drag pageant]]. This was meant to draw a line differentiating amateurs performing in drag for fun from professional female impersonators who made a living performing in drag.<ref name="origins"/>

The second original meaning of drag queen was applied to men who chose to wear women's clothing on the streets, an act which was at that time illegal in New York City. Of this latter type two additional slang terms were applied: ''square drag queens'' which meant "boys who looked like girls but who you knew were boys" and ''street queens'' who were queer male sex workers, often homeless, that dressed as women. This second use of the term was also layered with transphobic subtext and the term drag queen was again meant to protect the professional female impersonator by allowing them to dissociate themselves from both aspects of queer culture and from sex workers in order to maintain respectability among the predominantly heteronormative audiences who employed them. This understanding of the term drag queen persisted through the 1960s.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 5: 1960-1969|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last=Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]}}</ref>

In 1971, an article in [[Lee Brewster]]'s ''Drag Queens'' magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual [[transvestite]]" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag Queens: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=11–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag11unse/page/10/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=29–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag14unse/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref> Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12"/><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30"/> While the term ''drag queen'' implied "homosexual transvestite", the term ''drag'' carried no such connotations.<ref name="dq_2_6_4">{{cite magazine |editor-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Editorial: Drag |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=2 |issue=6 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag00leeg_0/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>

In the 1970s, ''drag queen'' was continually defined as a "homosexual transvestite".<ref name="newton_3">{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Esther |title=Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America |year=1972 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=3 |isbn=9780226577609 }}</ref> ''Drag'' was parsed as changing one's clothes to those of a different sex, while ''[[queen (slang)|queen]]'' was said to refer to a homosexual man.<ref name="newton_3"/>

For much of history, drag queens were men, but in more modern times, [[cisgender]] and [[Trans woman|trans women]], as well as [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] people, also perform as drag queens.<ref name="Guardian-MBH">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/mar/08/rupaul-drag-race-transgender-performers-diversity |title=Who can be a drag queen? RuPaul's trans comments fuel calls for inclusion |last=Levin |first=Sam |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920040747/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/mar/08/rupaul-drag-race-transgender-performers-diversity |archive-date=20 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WaPo-MBH">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2018/03/09/im-a-trans-woman-and-a-drag-queen-despite-what-rupaul-says-you-can-be-both/ |title=I'm a trans woman and a drag queen. Despite what RuPaul says, you can be both |last=Beverly Hillz |first=Monica |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105336/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2018/03/09/im-a-trans-woman-and-a-drag-queen-despite-what-rupaul-says-you-can-be-both/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Esquire-AMP">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a19184923/peppermint-trans-drag-inclusion/ |title=Peppermint Is Taking on a New Fight for the Trans Community |last=Kirkland |first=Justin |magazine=Esquire |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425004115/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a19184923/peppermint-trans-drag-inclusion/ |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kqed">{{cite news |url=https://www.kqed.org/pop/108023/meet-the-trans-non-binary-and-bio-queens-who-deserve-a-spot-on-rupauls-drag-race-u-k |title=Meet the Trans, Non-Binary and Bio Queens Who Deserve a Spot on 'RuPaul's Drag Race U.K.' |last=Alexandra |first=Rae |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=kqed.org |publisher=[[KQED Inc.|KQED]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115083920/https://www.kqed.org/pop/108023/meet-the-trans-non-binary-and-bio-queens-who-deserve-a-spot-on-rupauls-drag-race-u-k |archive-date=15 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2018 article, ''[[Psychology Today]]'' stated that drag queens are "most typically gay cisgender men (though there are many drag queens of varying sexual orientations and gender identities)".<ref name="pt">{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-things-lgbtq/201801/the-psychology-drag |title=The Psychology of Drag |last=O'Brien |first=Jennifer |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=15 November 2019 |magazine=[[Psychology Today]] |publisher=John Thomas}}</ref>

Examples of trans-feminine drag queens, sometimes called ''trans queens'',<ref name="Vox-TQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/3/6/17085244/rupaul-trans-women-drag-queens-interview-controversy |title=How RuPaul's comments on trans women led to a Drag Race revolt – and a rare apology |last=Framke |first=Caroline |publisher=Vox |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802040933/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/3/6/17085244/rupaul-trans-women-drag-queens-interview-controversy |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> include [[Monica Beverly Hillz]]<ref name="Guardian-MBH"/><ref name="WaPo-MBH"/> and [[Peppermint (drag queen)|Peppermint]].<ref name="Esquire-AMP"/> Cisgender [[Female queen (drag)|female drag queens]] are sometimes called ''faux queens'' or ''bioqueens'', though critics of this practice assert that ''faux'' carries the connotation that the drag is fake, and that the use of ''bioqueen'' exclusively for cisgender females is a misnomer since trans-feminine queens exhibit gynomorphic features.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=PhD|last=Coull|first=Jamie Lee|date=2015|title=Faux Queens: an exploration of gender, sexuality and queerness in cis-female drag queen performance|publisher=Curtin University}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-FQ">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/jul/10/workin-it-how-female-drag-queens-are-causing-a-scene |title=Workin' it! How female drag queens are causing a scene |last=Nicholson |first=Rebecca |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 July 2017 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807193146/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/jul/10/workin-it-how-female-drag-queens-are-causing-a-scene |archive-date=7 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Drag queens' counterparts are [[drag kings]]: performers, usually women, who dress in exaggeratedly masculine clothing. Examples of drag kings include [[Landon Cider]]. Trans men who dress like drag kings are sometimes termed trans kings.

===Alternative terms===
[[File:Khookha McQueer autoportrait 5.jpg|thumb|[[Khookha McQueer]], Tunisian drag queen]]
Some drag queens may prefer to be referred to as "[[gender-specific pronoun|she]]" while in drag and desire to stay completely in character.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag |title=Understanding Drag |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 April 2017 |website=transequality.org |publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310044748/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other drag performers are indifferent to which pronoun is used to refer to them. RuPaul has said, "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me [[Live with Kelly and Ryan|Regis and Kathie Lee]]; I don't care! Just so long as you call me."<ref>{{citation|author=RuPaul|title=Lettin' It All Hang Out: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq-HAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Hyperion Books|date=June 1995|page=139|isbn=9780786881659|author-link=RuPaul}}</ref>

Drag queens are sometimes called [[transvestism|transvestites]], although that term also has many other connotations than the term ''drag queen'' and is not much favored by many drag queens themselves.<ref>Ford, Zack. "[https://thinkprogress.org/the-quiet-clash-between-transgender-women-and-drag-queens-297a9da4c5f6/ The Quiet Clash Between Transgender Women And Drag Queens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909234311/https://thinkprogress.org/the-quiet-clash-between-transgender-women-and-drag-queens-297a9da4c5f6/ |date=2017-09-09 }}." ThinkProgress, 25 June 2014. Web. 9 September 2017.</ref> The term ''tranny,'' an abbreviation of the term transvestite, has been adopted by some drag performers, notably RuPaul,<ref>{{cite web |last=Spargo |first=Chris |date=15 January 2012 |title=NEW: RuPaul's 'Tranny' Conroversy<!--sic--> |url=http://www.newnownext.com/rupaul-tranny-lance-bass-drag-race/01/2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213445/http://www.newnownext.com/rupaul-tranny-lance-bass-drag-race/01/2012/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=NewNowNext}}</ref> and the gay male community<ref>{{cite web |last=Musto |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Musto |date=12 November 2010 |title=Is "Tranny" So Bad? |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/11/is_tranny_so_ba.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221132/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/11/is_tranny_so_ba.php |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=Blogs.villagevoice.com}}</ref> in the United States, but it is considered offensive to most transgender and transsexual people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bilerico.com/2008/09/is_tranny_offensive.php |title=Is 'Tranny' Offensive? |work=Bilerico Report / LGBTQ Nation |publisher=The Bilerico Project |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213214/http://www.bilerico.com/2008/09/is_tranny_offensive.php |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many drag performers refer to themselves as drag artists, as opposed to drag queens, as some contemporary forms of drag have become [[nonbinary]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knauf |first1=Ana Sofia |title=Person of Interest: Arson Nicki |url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |website=The Stranger |publisher=Tim Keck |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030804/https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lam |first1=Teresa |title=Getting to Know Non-Binary Drag Artist Rose Butch |url=https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |website=Hypebae |date=30 June 2018 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701083100/https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Brazil, [[androgynous]] drag performers are sometimes called ''drag [[queer]]'', as a form of [[gender neutrality]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2018 |title=Esta página criou um guia ilustrado de nomenclaturas LGBTI pra ninguém mais se confundir |url=https://www.hypeness.com.br/2018/12/esta-pagina-criou-um-guia-ilustrado-de-nomenclaturas-lgbti-pra-ninguem-mais-se-confundir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228193451/https://www.hypeness.com.br/2018/12/esta-pagina-criou-um-guia-ilustrado-de-nomenclaturas-lgbti-pra-ninguem-mais-se-confundir/ |archive-date=2022-02-28 |work=Hypeness}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=David Ceccon dos |date=2017 |title=Drag-queer Alma Negrot : o corpo como montagem artística |url=https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/202438 |journal=[[UFRGS]] |hdl=10183/202438 |access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buscando trabalho artístico, drag queer brasileira posa pra Vogue: "Não quero ser cosplay de mulher" – Pheeno |url=https://pheeno.com.br/2019/05/buscando-trabalho-artistico-drag-queer-brasileira-posa-pra-vogue-nao-quero-ser-cosplay-de-mulher/ |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=pheeno.com.br|date=23 May 2019 }}</ref>

Among drag queens and their contacts today, there is an ongoing debate about whether transgender drag queens are actually considered "drag queens". Some argue that, because a drag queen is defined as a man portraying a woman, transgender women cannot be drag queens. [[Drag king]]s are women who assume a masculine aesthetic, but this is not always the case, because there are also biokings, bioqueens, and [[Female queen (drag)|female queens]], which are people who perform their own biological sex through a heightened or exaggerated gender presentation.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780203057094|title=The Drag Queen Anthology|year=2013|last1=Underwood|first1=Lisa|isbn=9780203057094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|title=Britannica Academic|website=academic.eb.com|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085318/https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Joshua Trey|last2=Johnson|first2=Corey W.|date=November 2013|title=We Are All Royalty|journal=Journal of Leisure Research|volume=45|issue=5|pages=677–694|doi=10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4369|bibcode=2013JLeiR..45..677B |s2cid=143305970|issn=0022-2216}}</ref>