Editing Double planet (section)

== Definition of "double planet" ==
{{multiple image
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 |image1    =NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg
 |image2    =Moon, Earth size comparison.jpg
 |caption1  =The [[Pluto]]–[[Charon (moon)|Charon]] system is closer to binary than the Earth–Moon system ''(distance not to scale)''.
 |caption2  =The [[Earth]]–[[Moon]] system is sometimes informally referred to as a double planet ''(masses are roughly proportional to volumes, not surface area).''<ref name="esa-double" />
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There is debate as to what criteria should be used to distinguish a "double planet" from a "planet–moon system". The following are considerations.

=== Both bodies satisfy planet criterion ===

A definition proposed in the ''Astronomical Journal'' calls for both bodies to individually satisfy an orbit-clearing criterion in order to be called a double planet.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Margot|first1=J.L.|title=A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets|journal=Astronomical Journal|year=2015 |volume=150|issue=6 |pages=185|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/150/i=6/a=185|arxiv=1507.06300|bibcode = 2015AJ....150..185M |doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185 |s2cid=51684830 }}</ref>

=== Mass ratios closer to 1 ===

One important consideration for defining "double planets" is the ratio of the masses of the two bodies. A mass ratio of 1 would indicate bodies of equal mass, and bodies with mass ratios closer to 1 are more attractive to label as "doubles".{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Using this definition, the satellites of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune can all easily be excluded; they all have masses less than 0.00025 ({{frac|4000}}) of the planets around which they revolve. Some [[dwarf planet]]s, too, have satellites substantially less massive than the dwarf planets themselves.

The most notable exception is the Pluto–Charon system. The Charon-to-Pluto mass ratio of 0.122 (≈ {{frac|1|8}}) is close enough to 1 that Pluto and Charon have frequently been described by many scientists as "double dwarf planets" ("double planets" prior to the 2006 definition of "planet"). The [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) earlier classified Charon as a satellite of Pluto, but had also explicitly expressed the willingness to reconsider the bodies as double dwarf planets in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Astronomical Union {{!}} IAU|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.iau.org}}</ref> However, a 2006 IAU report classified Charon–Pluto as a double planet.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Public Communication Activities at the 2006 General Assembly (GA)|url=https://www.iau.org/static/public_press/iau_po_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501174441/http://www.iau.org/static/public_press/iau_po_report.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-01 |url-status=live|journal=International Astronomical Union|pages=45}}</ref> 
[[File:ESO-L._Calçada_-_Eso1142c_(by).jpg|thumb|Artist's impression of the Eris-Dysnomia system]]
The Moon-to-Earth mass ratio of 0.01230 (≈ {{frac|81}}) is also notably close to 1 when compared to all other satellite-to-planet ratios. Consequently, some scientists view the Earth–Moon system as a double planet as well, though this is a minority view. [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]'s lone satellite, [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]], has a radius somewhere around {{frac|1|4}} that of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]; assuming similar densities (Dysnomia's compositional make-up may or may not differ substantially from Eris's), the mass ratio would be near {{frac|40}}, a value intermediate to the Moon–Earth and Charon–Pluto ratios.

=== Center-of-mass position ===

Currently, the most commonly proposed definition for a double-planet system is one in which the [[barycenter]], around which both bodies orbit, lies outside both bodies.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Under this definition, Pluto and Charon are double dwarf planets, since they orbit a point clearly outside of Pluto, as visible in animations created from images of the ''[[New Horizons]]'' space probe in June 2015.

Under this definition, the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet; although the Moon is massive enough to cause the Earth to make a noticeable revolution around this center of mass, this point nevertheless lies well within Earth. However, the Moon currently migrates outward from Earth at a rate of approximately {{convert|1.5|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} per year; in a few billion years, the Earth–Moon system's center of mass will lie outside Earth, which would make it a double-planet system.

[[File:Pluto-Charon system-new.gif|thumb|left|[[Pluto]]–[[Charon (moon)|Charon]] system: the [[barycenter]] lies outside of Pluto.]]

The center of mass of the Jupiter–Sun system lies outside the surface of the Sun, though arguing that Jupiter and the Sun are a double star is not analogous to arguing Pluto–Charon is a double dwarf planet. Jupiter is too light to be a [[Fusor (astronomy)|fusor]]; were it thirteen times heavier, it would achieve [[deuterium fusion]] and become a [[brown dwarf]].<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Herbst|first1=T. M.|last2=Rix|first2=H.-W.|year=1999
|editor1=Guenther, Eike |editor2=Stecklum, Bringfried |editor3=Klose, Sylvio |chapter=Star Formation and Extrasolar Planet Studies with Near-Infrared Interferometry on the LBT
|title=Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of Circumstellar Matter, ASP Conference Series, Vol. 188.
|journal=Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of Circumstellar Matter |volume=188 |isbn=1-58381-014-5|pages=341–350
|bibcode=1999ASPC..188..341H
|publisher=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]
|location=San Francisco, Calif.}}</ref>

=== Tug-of-war value ===

[[Isaac Asimov]] suggested a distinction between planet–moon and double-planet structures based in part on what he called a "[[tug of war (astronomy)|tug-of-war]]" value, which does not consider their relative sizes.<ref name="Asimov">[[Isaac Asimov|Asimov, Isaac]] (1975). "Just Mooning Around", collected in ''[http://www.univeros.com/usenet/cache/alt.binaries.ebooks/10.000.SciFi.and.Fantasy.Ebooks/Isaac%20Asimov/Isaac%20Asimov%20-%20Of%20Time%20and%20Space%20and%20Other%20Things.pdf Of Time and Space, and Other Things] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175033/http://www.univeros.com/usenet/cache/alt.binaries.ebooks/10.000.SciFi.and.Fantasy.Ebooks/Isaac%20Asimov/Isaac%20Asimov%20-%20Of%20Time%20and%20Space%20and%20Other%20Things.pdf |date=2018-01-07 }}''. Avon. Formula derived on p. 89 of book. p. 55 of .pdf file. Retrieved 2012-01-20.</ref> This quantity is simply the ratio of the force exerted on the smaller body by the larger (primary) body to the force exerted on the smaller body by the Sun. This can be shown to equal

<math display=block>\text{tug-of-war value} = \frac{m_\mathrm{p}}{m_\mathrm{s}} \cdot \left( \frac{d_\mathrm{s}}{d_\mathrm{p}} \right)^2</math>

where {{math|''m''<sub>p</sub>}} is the mass of the primary (the larger body), {{math|''m''<sub>s</sub>}} is the mass of the Sun, {{math|''d''<sub>s</sub>}} is the distance between the smaller body and the Sun, and {{math|''d''<sub>p</sub>}} is the distance between the smaller body and the primary.<ref name="Asimov"/> The tug-of-war value does not rely on the mass of the satellite (the smaller body).

This formula actually reflects the relation of the [[gravitation]]al effects on the smaller body from the larger body and from the Sun. The tug-of-war figure for Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] is 380, which means that Saturn's hold on Titan is 380 times as strong as the Sun's hold on Titan. Titan's tug-of-war value may be compared with that of Saturn's moon [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]], which has a tug-of-war value of just 3.5; that is, Saturn's hold on Phoebe is only 3.5 times as strong as the Sun's hold on Phoebe.

Asimov calculated tug-of-war values for several satellites of the planets. He showed that even the largest gas giant, Jupiter, had only a slightly better hold than the Sun on its outer captured satellites, some with tug-of-war values not much higher than one. In nearly every one of Asimov's calculations the tug-of-war value was found to be greater than one, so in those cases the Sun loses the tug-of-war with the planets. The one exception was Earth's Moon, where the Sun wins the tug-of-war with a value of 0.46, which means that Earth's hold on the Moon is less than half as strong as the Sun's. Asimov included this with his other arguments that Earth and the Moon should be considered a binary planet.<ref name="Asimov"/>

{{Blockquote|We might look upon the Moon, then, as neither a true satellite of the Earth nor a captured one, but as a planet in its own right, moving about the Sun in careful step with the Earth. From within the Earth–Moon system, the simplest way of picturing the situation is to have the Moon revolve about the Earth; but if you were to draw a picture of the orbits of the Earth and Moon about the Sun exactly to scale, you would see that the Moon's orbit is everywhere concave toward the Sun. It is always "falling toward" the Sun. All the other satellites, without exception, "fall away" from the Sun through part of their orbits, caught as they are by the superior pull of their primary planets{{spaced ndash}}but not the Moon.<ref name="Asimov"/><ref name="Aslaksen">{{Cite web |title=The Orbit of the Moon around the Sun is Convex! |last=Aslaksen |first=Helmer |url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/convex.html |year=2010 |location=National University of Singapore |publisher=Department of Mathematics |access-date=2012-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116204505/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/convex.html |archive-date=2013-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PoV" group="Footnote">Asimov uses the term "[[Wikt:concave|concave]]" to describe the Earth–Moon orbital pattern around the Sun, whereas Aslaksen uses "[[Wikt:convex|convex]]" to describe the exact same pattern. Which term one uses relies solely upon the perspective of the observer. From the point-of-view of the Sun, the Moon's orbit is concave; from outside the Moon's orbit, say, from planet Mars, it is convex.</ref>| Isaac Asimov}}
See the [[Orbit of the Moon#Path of Earth and Moon around Sun|Path of Earth and Moon around Sun]] section in the "Orbit of the Moon" article for a more detailed explanation.

This definition of double planet depends on the pair's distance from the Sun. If the Earth–Moon system happened to orbit farther away from the Sun than it does now, then Earth would win the tug of war. For example, at the orbit of Mars, the Moon's tug-of-war value would be 1.05. Also, several tiny moons discovered since Asimov's proposal would qualify as double planets by this argument. Neptune's small outer moons [[Neso (moon)|Neso]] and [[Psamathe (moon)|Psamathe]], for example, have tug-of-war values of 0.42 and 0.44, less than that of Earth's Moon. Yet their masses are tiny compared to Neptune's, with an estimated ratio of 1.5{{e|-9}} ({{frac|700,000,000}}) and 0.4{{e|-9}} ({{frac|2,500,000,000}}).

=== Formation of the system ===

A final consideration is the way in which the two bodies came to form a system. Both the Earth–Moon and Pluto–Charon systems are thought to have been formed as a result of [[giant impact hypothesis|giant impacts]]: one body was impacted by a second body, resulting in a debris disk, and through accretion, either two new bodies formed or one new body formed, with the larger body remaining (but changed). However, a giant impact is not a sufficient condition for two bodies being "double planets" because such impacts can also produce tiny satellites, such as the four small outer satellites of Pluto.

A now-abandoned hypothesis for the [[origin of the Moon]] was actually called the "double-planet hypothesis"; the idea was that the Earth and the Moon formed in the same region of the [[Solar System]]'s proto-planetary disk, forming a system under gravitational interaction. This idea, too, is a problematic condition for defining two bodies as "double planets" because planets can "capture" moons through gravitational interaction. For example, the [[moons of Mars]] ([[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]) are thought to be asteroids captured long ago by [[Mars]]. Such a definition would also deem Neptune–Triton a double planet, since [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] was a [[Kuiper belt]] body the same size and of similar composition to Pluto, later [[Capture of Triton|captured]] by [[Neptune]].