Editing Dortmund (section)

==History==
{{for timeline|Timeline of Dortmund}}

===Etymology===
[[File:SiegelDortmund1358GedenktafelAlterMarkt.png|thumb|left|upright=0.9|"Seal of Dortmund, the city of Westphalia" [SIGILLVM TREMONIE CIVITATIS WESTFALIE]]]
Dortmund was first mentioned in the [[Werden Abbey]], which was built between 880 and 884. The Latin entry reads: ''In Throtmanni liber homo Arnold viii den nob solvit'' (German: ''In Throtmanni zahlt uns der freie Mann Arnold 8 Pfennige'', and English: ''In Throtmanni the free man Arnold pays us 8 pfennigs'').<ref name="Reimann1">Norbert Reimann: I. Das Werden der Stadt. Die Anfänge. Der Königshof Karls des Großen. In: Stadtarchiv Dortmund (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Dortmund. Harenberg, Dortmund 1994, {{ISBN|3-611-00397-2}}, S. 24–25 (Reihe Dortmunder Leistungen, Band 2)</ref>
According to this, there are a large number of different names, but they all go back to the same phoneme stem. Their respective use in the sources appears arbitrary and random.

In the course of time the name changed many times: ''trut munia'' 899, ''Thortmanni, Trutmania, Trotmunni'' 939, ''Tremonia'' 1152. From the 13th century on, the ''Dortmunde'' appeared for the first time, but it was not until a few centuries later that it became generally accepted.

In the [[Middle Ages]] 1389, when the city had withstood the siege of 1,200 knights under the leadership of the Archbishop of [[Cologne]], it chose as its motto a saying that is still upheld today by traditional societies: ''So fast as Düörpm'' ([[High German languages|High German]]: "as firm as Dortmund").

In the past, the city was called "''Dortmond''" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], "''Tremonia''" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and "''Trémoigne''" in [[Old French]]. However, these exonyms have fallen into disuse and the city is now internationally known by its German name of ''Dortmund''. The common [[abbreviation]] for the name of the city is "DTM", the [[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA code]] for [[Dortmund Airport]].

===Early history===
[[File:Dortmund Braun-Hogenberg.jpg|thumb|Historical view of Dortmund by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg (between 1572 and 1618)]]
The [[Sigiburg]] was a [[hillfort]] in the south of present-day Dortmund, overlooking the River [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]] near its confluence with the River [[Lenne]]. The ruins of the later [[Syberg|Hohensyburg]] castle now stand on the site of the Sigiburg. The hillfort is presumably of [[Saxons|Saxon]] origin, but there is no archeological or documentary proof of this. During the [[Saxon Wars]], it was taken by the [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]] in 772, retaken by the Saxons (possibly under [[Widukind]]) in 774, and taken again and refortified by Charlemagne in 775. [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence suggests the Sigiburg site was also occupied in the [[Neolithic]] era.<ref>Detlef Rothe ''Rekonstruktion der Sächsischen Wallburg Sigiburg'', citing [[Werner Rolevinck]] and the [[Royal Frankish Annals]] [http://www.5dim.de/Aufsaetze/RekonstruktionSigiburg/19751214RekonstruktionSigiburg.html]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz85382.html|title=Widukind – Deutsche Biographie|first=Deutsche|last=Biographie|website=Deutsche-biographie.de}}</ref>

The first time Dortmund was mentioned in official documents was around 882 as '''Throtmanni''' – In throtmanni liber homo arnold[us] viii den[arios] nob[is] soluit [solvit].<ref name="WM-document-882"/><ref>[[Rudolf Kötzschke]] (ed.): Die Urbare der Abtei Werden a. d. Ruhr (= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde XX: Rheinische Urbare). Bd. 2: A. Die Urbare vom 9.-13. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 3: B. Lagerbücher, Hebe- und Zinsregister vom 14. bis ins 17. Jahrhundert, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, I: Einleitung und Register. I. Namenregister. Hrsg. von Fritz Körholz, Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4, II: Einleitung, Kapitel IV: Die Wirtschaftsverfassung und Verwaltung der Großgrundherrschaft Werden. Sachregister. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1958</ref> In 1005 the "Ecclesiastical council" and in 1016 the"Imperial diet" met in Dortmund.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}

===Middle Ages and early modern period===
[[File:Probsteikirche-Baegert-Altar-1470-Marien-Reinoldi.jpg|thumb|left|St. Marys and St. Reinolds in 1470]]
After it was destroyed by a fire, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I (Barbarossa)]] had the town rebuilt in 1152 and resided there (among other places) for two years. In 1267 St. Mary's Church, Dortmund, and three years later in 1270 [[St. Reinold's Church, Dortmund|St. Reinold's Church]] first mentioned. The combination of crossroad, market place, administrative centre – town hall, made Dortmund an important centre in Westphalia. 
It became an [[Imperial Free City]] and one of the first cities in Europe with an official [[Brewing right]] in 1293.{{sfn|Ring|1995}} Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries, it was the "chief city" of the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle of the [[Hanseatic League]].
[[File:Alte Markt Dortmund.JPG|thumb|Old market [[St. Reinoldi (Dortmund)|St. Reinolds]]]]
After 1320, the city appeared in writing as "Dorpmunde". In the years leading up to 1344, the English King, [[Edward III]], even borrowed money from well-heeled Dortmund merchant families Berswordt and Klepping, offering the regal crown as security. In 1388, the [[County of Mark|Count of Mark]] joined forces with the Archbishop of [[Cologne]] and issued declarations of a feud against the town. Following a major siege lasting 18 months, peace negotiations took place and Dortmund emerged victorious. In 1400 the seat of the first Vehmic court ({{langx|de|Freistuhl}}) was in Dortmund, in a square between two [[linden tree]]s, one of which was known as the ''[[Gerichtslinde|Femelinde]]''. With the growing influence of [[Cologne]] during the 15th century, the seat was moved to [[Arnsberg]] in 1437. After Cologne was excluded after the [[Anglo-Hanseatic War]] (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. This favors the founding of one of the oldest schools in Europe in 1543 – {{Interlanguage link|Stadtgymnasium Dortmund|de}}.{{sfn|Ring|1995}} In [[List of earthquakes in Germany|1661 an earthquake]] made the [[Reinoldikirche]] collapse.

===18th, 19th and early 20th centuries===
[[File:Dortmund um 1804.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-industrial Dortmund in 1804]]
With the ''[[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss]]'' resolution in 1803, Dortmund was added to the [[Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda]], with as a result that it was no longer a [[free imperial city]]. [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau]] did not want stolen areas and therefore let his son [[William I of the Netherlands|Prince Willem Frederik]] (the later King William I of the Netherlands) take possession of the city and the principality. This prince held its entry on 30 June 1806, and as such the [[County of Dortmund]] then became part of the principality. On 12 July 1806, most of the Nassau principalities were deprived of their sovereign rights by means of the [[Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine|Rhine treaty]]. In October of the same year, the County of Dortmund was occupied by French troops and was added to the [[Grand Duchy of Berg]] on 1 March 1808. It is the capital of the Ruhr department. In 1808 Dortmund becomes capital of French satellite [[Ruhr (department)]].{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} At the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, the entire Grand Duchy of Berg, including Dortmund, was added to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. The state mining authority of the [[Ruhr area]] was founded in 1815 and moved from Bochum to Dortmund. Within the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Westphalia]], Dortmund was a district seat within [[Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg]] until 1875, when it became an urban district within the region.

[[File:French in Dortmund LCCN2014715868 (cropped).jpg|thumb|French troops in Dortmund {{circa|1923–1925}}]]
During the [[industrialisation]] of Prussia, Dortmund became a major centre for [[coal]] and [[steel]]. The town expanded into a city, with the population rising from 57,742 in 1875 to 379,950 in 1905. Sprawling residential areas like the North, East, Union and Kreuz district sprang up in less than 10 years. In 1920, Dortmund was one of the centres for resistance to the [[Kapp Putsch]] – a right-wing military coup launched against the [[Social Democratic]]-led government. In the [[Ruhr uprising]], radical workers formed the 50,000-man [[Ruhr Red Army]] in hopes of setting up a soviet-style government. They were defeated with considerable loss of life by government and [[Freikorps]] units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wulfert |first=Anja |date=22 January 2002 |title=Der Märzaufstand 1920 |trans-title=The March Uprising 1920 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}}</ref> On 11 January 1923, French and Belgian troops [[Occupation of the Ruhr|occupied the Ruhr]]. French Prime Minister [[Raymond Poincaré]] was responding to Germany's failure to comply with the [[World War I reparations|reparations demands]] of the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scriba |first=Arnulf |date=10 May 2022 |title=Die Ruhrbesetzung |trans-title=The Occupation of the Ruhr |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/aussenpolitik/ruhrbesetzung-1923.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}}</ref> The occupation lasted until August 1925.

===World War II===
[[File:Reconnaissance Photo Aerial View Dortmund.jpg|thumb|Photo of part of the city center area around Liebfrauen church in 1945]]

Under [[Nazi Germany]], the [[Old Synagogue (Dortmund)|Old Synagogue]], which had opened in 1900, was destroyed in 1938. With a capacity of 1,300 seats, it was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Germany. Also, the [[Aplerbeck Hospital]] in Dortmund transferred mentally and/or physically disabled patients to the [[Hadamar Killing Facility]] as part of ''[[Aktion T4]]'', where they were murdered. An additional 229 children were murdered in the "Children's Specialist Department", which was transferred from Marburg in 1941.

Dortmund was the location of the Stalag VI-D [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for Polish, [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], Belgian, British, Serbian, Soviet and [[Italian Military Internees|Italian]] POWs with some 300 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] units in the city alone,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=431|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> a camp for [[Sinti]] and [[Romani people]] (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1075|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Dortmund|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 November 2023|language=de}}</ref> a [[List of subcamps of Buchenwald|subcamp]] of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] for 800 predominantly Polish women,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=26|title=Dortmund (Hüttenverein)|website=aussenlager-buchenwald.de|access-date=24 November 2023|language=de}}</ref> and a detachment of the 3rd [[SS construction brigade]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1385|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> In September 1943, the local [[Gestapo]] carried out a mass execution of 17 [[German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war|Polish POWs]], who escaped the [[Oflag VI-B]] POW camp, but were soon captured.<ref>Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p. 246</ref>

{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}Bombing targets of the [[Oil Campaign of World War II]] in Dortmund included [[Westfalenhütte|Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG]], the "[[Hoesch AG|Hoesch]]-Benzin GmbH" synthetic oil plant, and the ''Zeche Hansa''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historisches Centrum Hagen : Chronik 1945|url=http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=418|language=de|access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref> The bombings destroyed about 66% of Dortmund homes.<ref>A. Schildt, ''Die Sozialgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1989/90'', Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007</ref> The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft (748 [[Avro Lancaster|Lancasters]], 292 [[Handley Page Halifax|Halifaxes]], 68 [[de Havilland Mosquito|Mosquitos]]) destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city centre, and 4,851 tonnes of bombs were dropped on Dortmund city centre and the south of the city; this was a record for a single target in the whole of World War II.<ref name="backtonormandy.org"/>

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dortmund in April 1945. The US [[95th Infantry Division (United States)|95th Infantry Division]] attacked the city on 12 April 1945 against a stubborn German defense. The division, assisted by close air support, advanced through the ruins in urban combat and completed its capture on 13 April 1945.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 171.</ref>

===Postwar period===
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Post-war, most of the historic buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historischer-verein-dortmund.de/2020/03/03/1945-1958-die-stadt-im-wiederaufbau/ | title=1945 – 1958: Die Stadt im Wiederaufbau – Historischer Verein }}</ref> A few historic buildings such as the main churches [[Reinoldikirche]] and [[Marienkirche, Dortmund|Marienkirche]] were restored or rebuilt, and extensive parks and gardens were laid out. The simple but successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique inner cityscape. Today nearly 30 % of the city consists of buildings from before World War II.<ref name="Zensus 2011" /> Dortmund was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] in 1946. The [[Zollern II/IV Colliery|LWL-Industriemuseum]] was founded in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lwl.org/industriemuseum/standorte/zeche-zollern/english |title=The Zollern Colliery|publisher=LWL Industrial Museum|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> In 1987 the pit Minister Stein closed, marking the end of more than 150 years of coal mining. Dortmund{{sfn|Hennings|1990}} has since adapted, with its century-long steel and coal industries having been replaced by high-technology areas, including [[biomedical technology]], [[micro systems technology]], and [[Service (economics)|services]]. This has led Dortmund to become a regional centre for hi-tech industry.

In 2001 a new era began for the district [[Hörde]] in Dortmund, 160 years of industrial history ended with the beginning of the Phoenix See. The development of the Phoenix See area was carried out by a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke AG. In 2005 the first cornerstone was laid on the Phoenix area. The work started with full speed to manage the work with over 2.5 million meters of ground motion and 420.000 cubic meters of ferroconcrete. On 1 October 2010, the largest and most highly anticipated milestone could be celebrated: the launch of the flooding of the Phoenix See. Since 9 May 2011, the fences disappeared and the Phoenix See has been completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dortmund.de/en/leisure_and_culture/phoenix_see_1/index.html|title= Lake Phoenix|publisher=Stadt Dortmund|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> In 2009, Dortmund was classified as a ''Node city'' in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow<ref name="innovation-cities.com"/> and is the most sustainable city in [[Germany]].<ref name="www.nachhaltigkeitspreis.de"/>

On 3 November 2013, more than 20,000 people were evacuated after a [[Blockbuster bomb|4,000-pound bomb]] from [[World War II]] was found. German authorities safely defused the bomb. The bomb was found after analysing old [[Aerial photography|aerial photograph]]s while searching for unexploded bombs dropped by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] aircraft over Germany's industrial [[Ruhr]] region.<ref>{{cite web|title=4,000-pound, World War II bomb forces mass evacuation in Germany|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4000-pound-world-war-ii-bomb-forces-mass-evacuation-in-germany/|work=[[CBS News]]|date=3 November 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>