Editing Domestication (section)

== Definitions ==

Domestication (not to be confused with the [[tame animal|taming]] of an individual animal<ref name="price2008">{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Edward O. |date=2008 |title=Principles and applications of domestic animal behavior: an introductory text|publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww07sIWTYAAC&q=%22taming+is%22+animal&pg=PA228 |access-date=January 21, 2016 |isbn=9781780640556}}</ref><ref name="macdonald2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106 |title=From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=106 |pages=9971–9978 |date=2009 |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=MacDonald |first2=D. W. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |issue=Supplement 1 |pmid=19528637 |pmc=2702791 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9971D |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="diamond2012">{{cite book |first=Jared |last=Diamond |author-link=Jared Diamond |editor-last=Gepts |editor-first=P. |date=2012 |title=Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter=Chapter 1 |page=13}}</ref>), is from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''{{lang|la|domesticus}}'', 'belonging to the house'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Domesticate |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/domesticate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720025116/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/domesticate |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 20, 2012}}</ref> The term remained loosely defined until the 21st century, when the American archaeologist [[Melinda A. Zeder]] defined it as a long-term relationship in which humans take over control and care of another organism to gain a predictable supply of a resource, resulting in [[Mutualism (biology)|mutual benefits]]. She noted further that it is not synonymous with agriculture since agriculture depends on domesticated organisms but does not automatically result from domestication.<ref name="zeder2015">{{cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |author-link=Melinda A. Zeder |date=2015 |title=Core questions in domestication Research|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=112 |issue=11 |pages=3191–3198 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501711112 |pmid=25713127 |pmc=4371924 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.3191Z |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Domestication.svg|thumb|upright=2|Diagram of the process of domestication as a process where one species actively manages another to obtain resources or services, as defined by [[Michael D. Purugganan]]<ref name="Purugganan 2022"/>]]

[[Michael D. Purugganan]] notes that domestication has been hard to define, despite the "instinctual consensus" that it means "the plants and animals found under the care of humans that provide us with benefits and which have evolved under our control."<ref name="Purugganan 2022"/> He comments that insects such as [[termite]]s, [[ambrosia beetle]]s, and [[leafcutter ant]]s have domesticated some species of [[Fungus|fungi]], and notes further that other groups such as weeds and commensals have wrongly been called domesticated.<ref name="Purugganan 2022"/> Starting from Zeder's definition, Purugganan proposes a "broad" definition: "a coevolutionary process that arises from a mutualism, in which one species (the domesticator) constructs an environment where it actively manages both the survival and reproduction of another species (the domesticate) in order to provide the former with resources and/or services."<ref name="Purugganan 2022"/> He comments that this adds [[niche construction]] to the activities of the domesticator.<ref name="Purugganan 2022">{{cite journal |last=Purugganan |first=Michael D. |author-link=Michael Purugganan |date=2022 |title=What is domestication? |journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=663–671 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2022.04.006 |pmid=35534288 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022TEcoE..37..663P }}</ref>

[[Domestication syndrome]] is the suite of [[phenotype|phenotypic]] traits that arose during the initial domestication process and which distinguish crops from their [[wild ancestor]]s.<ref name="Olsen Wendel 2013" /><ref name="hammer1984">{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=K. |date=1984 |title=Das Domestikationssyndrom |language=German |journal=Kulturpflanze |volume=32 |pages=11–34 |doi=10.1007/bf02098682 |s2cid=42389667}}</ref> It can also mean a set of differences now observed in domesticated mammals, not necessarily reflecting the initial domestication process. The changes include increased docility and tameness, coat coloration, reductions in tooth size, craniofacial morphology, ear and tail form (e.g., floppy ears), estrus cycles, levels of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] and neurotransmitters, prolongations in juvenile behavior, and reductions in brain size and of particular brain regions.<ref name="Wilkins Wrangham Fitch 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Wilkins |first1=Adam S. |last2=Wrangham |first2=Richard W. |last3=Fitch |first3=W. Tecumseh |date=July 2014 |title=The 'Domestication Syndrome' in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics |doi=10.1534/genetics.114.165423 |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=795–808 |pmid=25024034 |pmc=4096361 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12717449/4096361.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>

{{anchor|History of domestication}}<!--basically, the whole of this article, see below for chapters on animals, plants, fungi, etc, it isn't a matter of a "history" subsection-->