Editing Dome of the Rock (section)

==Architecture==
===Structure===
[[File:Dehio 10 Dome of the Rock Section.jpg|thumb|Cross section of the Dome (print from 1887, after the first detailed drawings of the Dome, made by the English artist [[Frederick Catherwood]] in 1833).<ref name= Catherwood>{{cite web |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/architecture_features/alternating_currents/collections/domeoftherock/index.html |title= Drawings of Islamic Buildings: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |quote= Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn; according to [[Victor Wolfgang von Hagen|Victor von Hagen]], 'no architect had ever sketched its architecture, no antiquarian had traced its interior design...' On 13 November in that year, however, [[Frederick Catherwood]] dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant 'of great courage and assurance', entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials... 'During six weeks, I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts.' Thus, Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock, and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years, such as [[William Harvey (artist)|William Harvey]], [[Ernest Richmond]] and [[Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner]]. |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090309001858/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/architecture_features/alternating_currents/collections/domeoftherock/index.html |archive-date= 9 March 2009 }}</ref>]]

The Dome of the Rock's basic plan is essentially [[octagon]]al. It is capped at its center by a [[dome]], approximately {{cvt|20|m|ft}} in diameter, mounted on an elevated circular [[tholobate|drum]] standing on 16 supports (4 [[Pier (architecture)|pier]]s and 12 [[column]]s).<ref name=BRIT/> Surrounding this circle is an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041125230355/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/145.php The Dome of the Rock]}}. Glass Steel and Stone.</ref> The inner circular row of drum supports and the octagonal [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] create an inner [[ambulatory]] that encircles the holy rock. The outer walls are also octagonal. They each measure approximately {{cvt|60|m|ft|}} wide and {{cvt|36|m|ft}} high.<ref name=BRIT /> The inner and outer octagon create a second, outer ambulatorium surrounding the inner one. Both the circular drum and the exterior walls contain many windows.<ref name=BRIT />

===Interior decoration===
The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with [[mosaic]], [[faience]] and [[marble]], much of which was added several centuries after its completion. The inner colonnade features {{transliteration|ar|[[ablaq]]}} light and dark stone [[voussoir]]s in its arches.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Milwright |first=Marcus |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Dome of the Rock |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> The origins of these marble treatments are controversial, with some scholars theorizing them to be from the original construction, and some saying they were later additions (and differing then as to the dates and identity of the builders).<ref name="Allen">{{cite book |url=http://www.sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/pisa.dor.htm |title=Pisa and the Dome of the Rock |edition=2nd |first1=Terry |last1=Allen |publisher=Solipsist Press |place=Occidental, California |year=2008 |format=electronic publication |isbn=978-0-944940-08-2|access-date=January 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Evangelatou |first=Maria |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnMvEAAAQBAJ&dq=ablaq+cordoba&pg=PT252 |title=Icons of Space: Advances in Hierotopy |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-41086-0 |editor-last=Bogdanović |editor-first=Jelena |pages=171–172 (see note 77) |language=en |chapter=Hierochronotopy: Stepping into timeful space through Bonanno’s twelfth-century door for the Pisa cathedral}}</ref>

It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions. They vary from [[1924 Cairo edition|today's standard text]] (mainly changes from the first to the third person) and are mixed with pious inscriptions not in the [[Quran]].<ref name=RSEQ>Robert Schick, ''Archaeology and the Quran'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]</ref> The dedicatory inscription in [[Kufic]] script placed around the dome contains the date believed to be the year the Dome was first completed, [[Hijri year|AH]] 72 (691/2 CE), while the name of the corresponding [[caliph]] and builder of the Dome, [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], was deleted and replaced by the name of [[Abbasid]] caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}) during whose reign renovations took place.

===Exterior decoration===
The decoration of the outer walls went through two major phases: the initial [[Umayyad]] scheme comprised marble and mosaics, much like the interior walls.<ref name=ArchnetMain/> 16th-century [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] replaced it with [[Ottoman tile decoration]].<ref name=ArchnetMain/> This tilework was of many different styles and techniques, including ''[[cuerda seca]]'' tiles, multi-coloured [[underglaze]] tiles, and [[Blue and white pottery|blue-and-white]] tilework,<ref name=":0" /> resembling the [[Iznik tiles]] that were produced for the Ottoman capital.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=21}} A small number of tiles were actual Iznik productions that were imported to Jerusalem.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=31 (see plate XXIX caption)}} The original tiles were replaced in the 1960s with faithful copies produced in Italy.<ref name=ArchnetMain>{{cite web |title= Qubba al-Sakhra |website= ArchNet |url= https://archnet.org/sites/2814 |access-date= 8 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190814082554/http://archnet.org/sites/2814 |archive-date= 14 August 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{transliteration|ar|[[Surah]] [[Ya-Sin]]}} (the 'Heart of the Quran') is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref>Palestine: Masjid al-Aqsa:[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/palestine-masjid-al-aqsa/the-dome-of-the-rock The Dome of the Rock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115074715/http://www.islamiclandmarks.com/palestine-masjid-al-aqsa/the-dome-of-the-rock |date=15 January 2019 }}, at IslamicLandmarks.com, accessed 18 February 2019</ref> {{transliteration|ar|Surah}} 17, {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Isra']]}}, which tells the story of the {{transliteration|ar|Isra}} or Night Journey, is inscribed above this.