Editing Doll (section)

==History, types and materials==

===Early history and traditional dolls ===
[[File:PaddleDoll.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A typical Egyptian [[paddle doll]] from 2080 – 1990 BC]]
[[File:Chancay - Textile Doll - Walters 83768.jpg|thumb|140px|Textile doll (11th century), [[Chancay culture]], found near [[Lima]], [[Walters Art Museum]]. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs<ref>{{cite web|title=Textile Doll|url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/|website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.]]
The earliest dolls were made from available materials such as [[clay]], stone, [[wood]], [[bone]], [[ivory]], [[leather]], or [[wax]]. [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known [[toy]]. Wooden [[paddle doll]]s have been found in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC.<ref name="Fraserpg7">{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=7 }}</ref> Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/><ref name="Garland2008">{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Robert|date=2008|title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-R1PmAEACAAJ|publisher=Sterling|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8|page=96}}</ref> Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, but no known examples of these have survived to the present day.<ref name="Garland2008"/> Stories from ancient Greece around 100&nbsp;AD show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/> Greeks called a doll κόρη, literally meaning "little girl", and a wax-doll was called δάγυνον, δαγύς and πλαγγών. Often dolls had movable limbs and were called νευρόσπαστα, they were worked by strings or wires.<ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=pupa-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Pupa]</ref>
In [[ancient Rome]], dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/><ref name="Garland2008"/> At marriage the Greek girls dedicated their dolls to [[Artemis]] and the Roman girls to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], but if they died before marriage their dolls were buried with them.<ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities"/>
[[Rag doll]]s are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of [[cloth]] material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300&nbsp;BC.<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?%7BUPPER%7D%3Av2_free_text_tindex=rag+doll&_IXDB_=compass&_IXSPFX_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Fsummary%2F&_IXFPFX_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Ffull%2F&_IXNOMATCHES_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Fno_matches.html&%24+%28with+v2_searchable_index%29+sort=.&_IXsearchterm=rag%2520doll&submit-button=summary The twenty-first century BCE. British museum exhibit]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Akuaba.jpg|thumb|Traditional African [[akuaba]] dolls]]
Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=4–7 }}</ref>

[[African dolls]] are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed down from mother to daughter. ''[[Akuaba]]'' are wooden ritual [[fertility]] dolls from [[Ghana]] and nearby areas. The best known ''akuaba'' are those of the [[Ashanti people]], whose ''akuaba'' have large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of ''akuaba''.
[[File:Hinadolls.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese traditional dolls|Japanese]] hina dolls, displayed during the [[Hinamatsuri]] festival]]
There is a rich history of [[Japanese dolls]] dating back to the [[Dogū]] figures (8000–200&nbsp;BCE). and [[Haniwa]] funerary figures (300–600 AD). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During [[Hinamatsuri]], the doll festival, {{nihongo|hina dolls|雛人形|hina-ningyō}} are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. [[Daruma doll]]s are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent [[Bodhidharma]], the East Indian who founded [[Zen]], and are used as good luck charms. Wooden [[Kokeshi]] dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls.

The use of an [[effigy]] to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such [[magic (paranormal)|magical]] devices include the European [[poppet]] and the ''[[nkisi]]'' or ''bocio'' of West and Central Africa. In European [[folk religion|folk]] magic and [[witchcraft]], poppet dolls are used to represent a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy will be transferred to the subject through [[sympathetic magic]]. The practice of sticking pins in ''[[voodoo doll]]s'' have been associated with African-American [[Hoodoo (folk magic)|Hoodoo]] folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature of [[Haitian Vodou]] religion, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet.<ref>{{cite episode |title= Divination|episode-link= List_of_QI_episodes_%28D_series%29#Episode_10_.22Divination.22|series= QI|series-link= QI|credits= [[Stephen Fry]] (presenter), [[John Lloyd (producer)|John Lloyd]] (creator), [[Ian Lorimer]] (director)|network= [[BBC]]|season= [[List of QI episodes (D series)|D]]|number= 10}}</ref> A [[kitchen witch]] is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical [[witchcraft|witch]] or [[crone]] and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck<ref>{{cite web|title=Kitchen Witches|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221050758/http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|archive-date=December 21, 2007|work=earthlink.net}}</ref> and ward off bad spirits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doggychild.tripod.com/kitchenwitchmaker|title=kitchen witch dolls, kitchen witches, kitchen witch|work=tripod.com}}</ref>

[[File:Kachina Doll (Kokopol), probably late 19th century, 04.297.5575.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A traditional Native American [[Hopi Kachina figure|Hopi Kachina doll]], probably late 19th century]]
[[File:Inuit doll.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A [[Greenlandic Inuit]] doll]]
[[Hopi Kachina dolls]] are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonial [[Kachina]], the masked spirits of the [[Hopi]] Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina. [[Inuit doll]]s are made out of [[soapstone]] and [[bone]], materials common to the [[Inuit]]. Many are clothed with animal [[fur]] or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional style of dress necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of the [[Innu people]] were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys. [[Apple doll]]s are traditional North American dolls with a head made from dried apples. In [[Inca mythology]], [[Sara Mama]] was the goddess of [[cereal|grain]]. She was associated with [[maize]] that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama. [[Corn husk doll]]s are traditional [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] dolls made out of the dried leaves or [[husk]] of a [[corncob]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=5950|title=Digital collection – Corn Husk Doll|publisher=Massachusetts Department of Higher Education|access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> Traditionally, they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted by early European settlers in the United States.<ref name="EIU - exhibits - The uses of corn in 1845">{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.edu/history/ha/exhibits/2010/Corn_website_Werkmeister/Corn%20for%20people.html|title=The uses of corn in 1845|publisher=[[Eastern Illinois University]]|access-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134701/http://www.eiu.edu/history/ha/exhibits/2010/Corn_website_Werkmeister/Corn%20for%20people.html|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called ''Pennywoods''.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=23}}</ref> La [[última muñeca]], or "the last doll", is a tradition of the ''[[Quinceañera]]'', the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of [[Latin America]]. During this ritual the ''quinceañera'' relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.<ref>Mitchell, Claudia A. and Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (2008) ''Girl Culture: an Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 495. {{ISBN|0-313-33908-2}}.</ref> In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctdollartists.com/history.htm|title=A History of Dolls|work=ctdollartists.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095004/http://ctdollartists.com/history.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Russian-Matroshka no bg.jpg|thumb|left|A set of Russian [[Matryoshka doll]]s taken apart]]
[[Matryoshka doll]]s are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=196|title=Home – Russian Life|work=russianlife.com|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817043128/http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=196|archive-date=17 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=13–14}}</ref> Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for [[Nativity scene]] displays, chiefly in Italy.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=14–18}}</ref> Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=18–19}}</ref> The German and Dutch [[peg wooden doll]]s were cheap and simply made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=19–22}}</ref> Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.<ref name="Fraser 1973 26">{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=26}}</ref> Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate.<ref name="Fraser 1973 26"/> It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the [[Victorian era]] when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=26–27}}</ref>

[[File:Layli (Lurish doll) from Mamasani, Iran.jpg|thumb|right| [[Layli (Luri doll)|Layli dolls]] from [[Mamasani County|Mamasani]], [[Iran]]]]
Dolls, [[puppets]] and [[masks]] allow ordinary people to state what is impossible in the real situation;<ref>Baird, B. (2002). ''Honar-e Arousaki (The Art of the Puppet)''. Translated to Persian by Javad Zolfaghari. Tehran: Nowruz-e Honar.</ref> In Iran for example during [[Qajar era]], people criticised the politics and social conditions of Ahmad-Shah's reign via puppetry without any fear of punishment.<ref>[[Bahram Beyzai|Beyzai, Bahram]] (2004). ''Iranian theatre''. Tehran: Roshangaran. p. 98</ref> According to the Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have free and independent identities and are able to do what is not feasible for the real person. [[Layli (Lurish doll)|Layli]] is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular among the [[Lur people]] of [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nikouei |first1=A. |last2=Sohrabi Nasirabadi |first2= M. |year=2016|title= Study of the Importance of Contemporary Iranian Traditional Handmade Dolls and Puppets|journal=Wacana Seni Journal of Arts Discourse|volume=15|page=2761|doi=10.21315/ws2016.15.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Gorjian, F. (2010). [http://anthropology.ir/article/29097.html The status of traditional handmade dolls (Layli or Bavig) in Lurish folklore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417071738/http://anthropology.ir/article/29097.html |date=17 April 2017 }}. anthropology.ir</ref> The name Layli is originated from the [[Middle East]] folklore and love story, [[Layla and Majnun]]. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful.<ref>Azimpour, P. (2010). ''Farhang-e Aroosak-ha va Namayesh-haye Aroosaki-e Aeeni va Sonati-e Iran (Iranian Ritual and Traditional Puppets and Puppet Shows Dictionary)''. Tehran: Namayesh. p. 554</ref> Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life.

===Industrial era===
During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of [[porcelain]] and combined with a body of leather, cloth, wood, or [[composite material]]s, such as [[papier-mâché]] or [[Composition doll|composition]], a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.<ref name="aboutbisque" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingglossary/g/composition.htm?rd=1|title=Glossary of Doll Collecting Terms – Composition|author=Van Patten, Denise |work=About.com Home|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216001057/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingglossary/g/composition.htm?rd=1|archive-date=16 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the advent of [[polymer]] and [[plastic]] materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass-produced at a lower price. The earliest materials were [[rubber]] and [[celluloid]]. From the mid-20th century, soft [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] became the dominant material, in particular for children's dolls.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=81–83}}</ref><ref name="aboutvinyl">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/vinyldolls.htm|title=Vinyl Dolls|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=17 June 2011|archive-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923053424/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/vinyldolls.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market. [[Synthetic resin]]s such as [[polyurethane]] resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.
[[File:Balljointed bisque head doll.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Bisque-head German doll with glass eyes and ball-jointed [[Composition doll|composition]] body, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1920]]
Colloquially the terms ''porcelain doll'', ''bisque doll'' and ''china doll'' are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction between [[china doll]]s, made of glazed [[porcelain]], and [[bisque doll]]s, made of unglazed bisque or [[biscuit porcelain]]. A typical antique china doll has a white [[Ceramic glaze|glazed]] porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made of [[Textile|cloth]] or [[leather]]. The name comes from ''china'' being used to refer to the material porcelain. They were [[Mass production|mass-produced]] in [[Germany]], peaking in popularity between 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions.<ref name=coleman>{{Cite book | last = Coleman| first = Dorothy S., Elizabeth A., and Evelyn Jk.| contribution = China Head Dolls| title = The Collector's Encyclopaedia of Dolls Volume One| pages = 118–134| publisher = Robert Hale | place = London | year = 1968| isbn = 978-0-7090-5598-3 }}</ref><ref name="aboutintro">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/chinadolls.htm?rd=1|title=An Introduction to China Doll Collecting|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=25 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825122634/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/chinadolls.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abouthistory2">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/library/weekly/aa033199.htm?rd=1|title=A Brief History of Antique Dolls, Part II|work=About.com Doll Collecting|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004653/http://collectdolls.about.com/library/weekly/aa033199.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parian doll]]s were also made in Germany, from around 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to china dolls but the head is not dipped in [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]] and has a matte finish.<ref>Krombholz, Mary Groham, ''German Parian Dolls'', 2006, Reverie Publishing, p. 7</ref> [[Bisque doll]]s are characterized by their realistic, skin-like [[Gloss (material appearance)|matte]] finish. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were often made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made directly for the collectors market.<ref name="aboutbisque">{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/bisquedolls.htm?rd=1|title=Introduction to Bisque and Porcelain Dolls|author=Van Patten, Denise|work=About.com Home|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075133/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollprofiles/p/bisquedolls.htm?rd=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abouthistory2" /><ref name="christopher">{{Cite book|last= Christopher |first= Catherine |title= The complete book of doll making and collecting |publisher= [[Dover Publications]] |year= 1971 |pages=187–190 |isbn= 978-0-486-22066-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nerxX-ZBRloC&pg=PA187 | access-date=8 February 2010}}</ref>   Realistic, lifelike [[wax]] dolls were popular in [[Victorian era|Victorian England]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=pp39}}</ref>

Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850.<ref name="abouthistory2" /><ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=45}}</ref> But, by the late 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.<ref name="abouthistory2" /> By about 1920, baby dolls typically were made of composition with a cloth body. The hair, eyes, and mouth were painted. A voice box was sewn into the body that cried ma-ma when the doll was tilted, giving them the name Mama dolls. During 1923, 80% of all dolls sold to children in the United States were Mama dolls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mama dolls 19181940+ |url=https://www.dollreference.com/mama_dolls.html |website=Doll Reference |access-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=no indication of author or publisher|date=September 2022}}

[[File:Norma-DOLLS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paper doll]] portraying actress [[Norma Talmadge]] and some of her film costumes, 1919]]
[[Paper dolls]] are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto the dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century [[ballerina]] paper dolls were among the earliest [[celebrity doll]]s. The 1930s [[Shirley Temple]] doll sold millions and was one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloid [[Kewpie doll]]s, based on illustrations by [[Rose O'Neill]], were popular in the early 20th century. [[Alexander Doll Company|Madame Alexander]] created the first collectible doll based on a licensed character – [[Scarlett O'Hara]] from ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine|title=Most Popular Toys of the Last 100 Years: Madame Alexander Collectible Dolls|url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/12/01/cx_lh_1202featlide_3.html|magazine=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204043852/https://www.forbes.com/2005/12/01/cx_lh_1202featlide_3.html|archive-date=December 4, 2005|access-date=24 December 2009}}</ref>

Contemporary [[dollhouse]]s have their roots in European ''baby house'' display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, following the [[Industrial Revolution]] and [[World War II]], they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made of [[Tin toy|tin litho]], plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.

The earliest modern [[stuffed toy]]s were made in 1880. They differ from earlier [[rag doll]]s in that they are made of plush fur-like fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans.<ref name="kidstuff">{{cite book |title=Kids' Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood |author=Cross, Gary S. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |pages=93–94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIh7TSazQLoC&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-0-674-50335-9}}</ref> [[Teddy bear]]s first appeared in 1902–1903.<ref name="kidstuff" /><ref name="LoC">{{cite web| url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/roosevelt/aa_roosevelt_bears_1.html| title=Teddy Bears| publisher=Library Of Congress| access-date=10 December 2007}}</ref>

[[Black doll]]s have been designed to resemble dark-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals. [[Rag doll]]s made by American [[slave]]s served as playthings for slave children. [[Golliwogg]] was a children's book rag doll character in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as an [[Stereotypes of African Americans|anti-black caricature]].<ref name=JimCrow>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferris.edu/JIMCROW/golliwog/|title=JCM: The Golliwog Caricature|work=ferris.edu}}</ref> Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.
[[File:Barbie 1959 First Editions dolls.jpg|thumb|The first [[Barbie]] fashion doll from 1959]][[Fashion doll]]s are primarily designed to be dressed to reflect [[fashion]] trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French [[bisque doll]]s from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made of [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]]. [[Barbie]], from the American toy company [[Mattel]], dominated the market from her inception in 1959.<ref name="wsj2003">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4jIwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1822,975790 |title=Volley of the Dolls |date=19 July 2003 |work=The Wall Street Journal via Reading Eagle |access-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> [[Bratz]] was the first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.<ref name=Talbot>{{cite magazine |first=Margaret|last=Talbot|authorlink= Margaret Talbot|title=Little hotties: Barbie's new rivals |url=http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/little_hotties_4487 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130030153/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/little_hotties_4487 |archive-date=30 November 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Plastic [[action figure]]s, often representing [[superhero]]es, are primarily marketed to boys.<ref>Louie, Elaine (31 May 1990) [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/garden/currents-old-soldiers-never-die.html Old Soldiers Never Die], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a [[media franchise]] that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise. [[Bobblehead]] dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A370126|title=h2g2 – Nodding Dogs – Edited Entry|date=2 January 2012|work=BBC}}</ref> in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.
===Modern era===
[[File:Emmaline.jpg|thumb|A [[reborn doll]], customized to realistically portray a human baby]]
With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditional [[paper doll]]s and enable users to design virtual dolls and [[drag and drop]] clothes onto dolls or images of actual people to play dress up. These include [[Kisekae Set System|KiSS]], [[Stardoll]] and [[Dollz]].

Also with the advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. [[Reborn doll]]s are vinyl dolls that have been customized to resemble a human baby with as much [[Realism (arts)|realism]] as possible. They are often sold online through sites such as [[eBay]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/20/magazine/hyperreality-hobbying.html|first=Rob|last=Walker|authorlink=Rob Walker (journalist)|title= The Way We Live Now: Consumed: Hyperreality Hobbying|date=20 February 2005|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Mont">Montcombroux, Vieve. "Simply Irresistible: What is that elusive quality that makes reborns so hard to resist?". ''Doll Reader Magazine''. June–July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009</ref> Asian [[ball-jointed doll]]s (BJDs) are [[Resin casting|cast]] in [[polyurethane]] [[synthetic resin]] in a style that has been described as both realistic and influenced by [[anime]].<ref name="laweeklyrealistic">{{cite news|last=Ohanesian|first=Liz|date=28 October 2008|title=Elfdoll: Don't Call It A Toy Company|newspaper=[[LA Weekly]]|url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/ladaily/arts-news/elfdoll-dont-call-them-a-toy-c/|url-status=dead|access-date=26 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031075055/http://blogs.laweekly.com/ladaily/arts-news/elfdoll-dont-call-them-a-toy-c/|archive-date=October 31, 2008|quote=The shockingly realistic, remarkably flexible BJDs}}</ref><ref name="timeanime">{{cite magazine|last=Holton|first=Avery|date=18 July 2004|title=Anime Girls|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040726-665031,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=26 December 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913123655/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040726-665031,00.html|archive-date=September 13, 2012|quote=Japanese-made Super Dollfies ... with ... exaggerated features inspired by Japanese animation}}</ref><ref name="shojobeatstyle">{{cite news | last = Gonzalez | first = Lauren | title = The Future Looks Bright for Ball-jointed Dolls | publisher = [[Shojo Beat]] | date = June 2008 | page = 332 | quote = Super Dollfie, like Narin and Narae, have a distinct anime look, with cool glassy expressions on their faces. Although highly customizable, the dolls are offered in a range of styles that stay true to a Japanese aesthetic.}}</ref> Asian BJDs and [[Asian fashion doll]]s such as [[Pullip]] and [[Blythe (doll)|Blythe]] are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/plastic-fantastic-japans-doll-industry-booming |date=17 May 2008|title=Plastic fantastic: Japan's doll industry booming |access-date=22 February 2009 |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W |work=Metropolis magazine |quote=...the inclusion of ball joints, which make it possible to pose the dolls for pictures, a favorite pastime among users.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.make-digital.com/craft/vol03/?pg=42|title=Craft – Volume 3|work=make-digital.com}}</ref>