Editing Doge of Venice (section)

==History==
===Byzantine era===
The first Doge of Venice, [[Paolo Lucio Anafesto]], was elected in 698 and served until 717.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bertolizio |first=Giorgio |title=Dogi: Nullità al potere |language=it}}</ref> Anafesto was not a typical Venetian Doge, as he was a subject of [[Byzantium]].<ref name=":0" /> While he is considered to be the first Doge of Venice, Venetians were not truly free from the Byzantine Empire until 742.

While it is not known for certain, historians widely accept that Anafesto was born in [[Oderzo]], a city in modern-day Veneto.<ref name=":0" /> Historians are unsure of how and where Anafesto died. According to some, he was the victim of a conspiracy hatched by the nobles of [[Malamocco]] in 717.<ref name=":0" /> Others suggest that he died in the ducal residence of [[Eraclea]].<ref name=":0" /> Another theory suggests he died in battle in 728, after being promoted to [[exarch]] of [[Ravenna]].<ref name=":0" />

Not much is known about the second Doge of Venice, [[Marcello Tegalliano]], who ruled from 717 to 726.<ref name=":0" /> At the time of his appointment, the duchy was in turmoil as a result of growing tensions between pro-Lombard bishop of Aquileia and the pro-Byzantine leaders of Grado.<ref name=":0" />

In the latter half of the eighth century, [[Maurizio Galbaio|Mauritius Galba]] was elected duke and took the title {{lang|la|magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae}}, 'master of the soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of Venice'.{{sfn|Nicol|1988|pp=10–12}} Doge [[Giustiniano Participazio|Justinian Partecipacius]] (d. 829) used the title {{lang|la|imperialis hypatus et humilis dux Venetiae}}, 'imperial ''hypatos'' and humble duke of Venice'.<ref>[[J. B. Bury]], ''A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867)'' (Macmillan, 1912), p. 327.</ref>

These early titles combined [[Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy|Byzantine honorifics]] and explicit reference to Venice's subordinate status.{{sfn|Nicol|1988|p=24}} Titles like {{Transliteration|el|hypatos}}, {{Transliteration|el|[[spatharios]]}}, {{Transliteration|el|[[protospatharios]]}}, {{Transliteration|el|[[protosebastos]]}} and {{Transliteration|el|[[protoproedros]]}} were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office ({{lang|grc|ἀξία διὰ βραβείου}}, {{Transliteration|el|axia dia brabeiou}}), but the title {{Transliteration|el|doux}} belonged to the office ({{lang|grc|ἀξία διὰ λόγου}}, {{Transliteration|el|axia dia logou}}). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as [[Byzantine Sardinia|Sardinia]].<ref name=Pertusi>Agostino Pertusi, "L'Impero bizantino e l'evolvere dei suoi interessi nell'alto Adriatico", in ''Le origini di Venezia'' (Florence: Sansoni, 1964), pp. 57–93, at 75–76.</ref> As late as 1202, the Doge [[Enrico Dandolo]] was styled {{Transliteration|el|protosebastos}}, a title granted to him by [[Alexios III Angelos]].{{sfn|Marin|2004|p=124}}

As Byzantine power declined in the region in the late ninth century, reference to Venice as a province disappeared in the titulature of the doges. The simple titles {{lang|la|dux Veneticorum}} (duke of the Venetians) and {{lang|la|dux Venetiarum}} (duke of the Venetias) predominate in the tenth century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Yves|last= Rénouard|language = fr|title = Les Villes d'Italie, de la fin du Xe sìècle au début du XIVe siècle|volume= 1 |publisher=Société d'édition d'enseignement supérieur|date= 1969|page= 88}}</ref> The plural reflects the doge's rule of several federated townships and clans.<ref name=Hazlitt>[[William Carew Hazlitt]], ''The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, Its Growth, and Its Fall, 421–1797'', Vol. 2 (A. and C. Black, 1900), p. 416.</ref>

===Dukes of Dalmatia and Croatia===
After defeating [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] and conquering some Dalmatian territory in 1000, Doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]] adopted the title {{lang|la|dux Dalmatiae}}, 'Duke of Dalmatia',<ref>[[Thomas F. Madden]], ''Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 5.</ref> or in its fuller form, {{lang|la|Veneticorum atque Dalmaticorum dux}}, 'Duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians'.{{sfn|Fine|2006|p=40}}

This title was recognised by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] in 1002.<ref>Horatio F. Brown, "The Venetians and the Venetian Quarter in Constantinople to the Close of the Twelfth Century", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 40, 1 (1920), p. 70.</ref> After a Venetian request, it was confirmed by the Byzantine emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]] in 1082. In a [[Byzantine–Venetian Treaty of 1082|chrysobull dated that year]], Alexios granted the Venetian doge the imperial title of {{Transliteration|el|protosebastos}}, and recognised him as imperial {{Transliteration|el|doux}} over the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian theme]].<ref name=MaddenJMH>Thomas F. Madden, "The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The Date and the Debate", ''Journal of Medieval History'' 28 (2002), pp. 23–41.</ref>

The expression {{lang|la|[[Dei gratia]]}} ('by the grace of God') was adopted consistently by the Venetian chancery only in the course of the eleventh century.<ref>Maurizio Viroli, ''As If God Existed: Religion and Liberty in the History of Italy'' (Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 31.</ref> An early example, however, can be found in 827–29, during the joint reign of Justinian and his brother [[Giovanni I Participazio|John I]]: {{lang|la|per divinam gratiam Veneticorum provinciae duces}}, 'by divine grace dukes of the Venetian provinces'.<ref name=Hazlitt/>

Between 1091 and 1102, the [[King of Hungary]] acquired the Croatian kingdom in [[Croatia in union with Hungary|a personal union]]. In these circumstances, the Venetians appealed to the Byzantine emperor for recognition of their title to Croatia (like Dalmatia, a former Byzantine subject). Perhaps as early as the reign of [[Vital Falier]] (d. 1095), and certainly by that of [[Vitale I Michiel|Vital Michiel]] (d. 1102), the title {{lang|la|dux Croatiae}} had been added, giving the full dogal title four parts: {{lang|la|dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos}}, 'Duke of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia and Imperial ''Protosebastos'''.<ref name=MaddenJMH/> In the fourteenth century, the doges periodically objected to the use of Dalmatia and Croatia in the Hungarian king's titulature, regardless of their own territorial rights or claims.{{sfn|Fine|2006|p=112}} Later medieval chronicles mistakenly attributed the acquisition of the Croatian title to Doge [[Ordelaf Falier]] (d. 1117).<ref>Suzanne Mariko Miller, ''Venice in the East Adriatic: Experiences and Experiments in Colonial Rule in Dalmatia and Istria (c. 1150–1358)'', PhD diss. (Stanford University, 2007), p. 129.</ref>

According to the ''Venetiarum Historia'', written around 1350, Doge [[Domenico Morosini]] added {{lang|la|atque Ystrie dominator}} ('and lord of Istria') to his title after forcing [[Pula]] on [[Istria]] to submit in 1150. Only one charter, however, actually uses a title similar to this: {{lang|la|et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori}} (1153).<ref name=Lazzarini>Vittorio Lazzarini, [https://archive.org/stream/NuovoArchivioVenetoNs5/Nuovo_archivio_veneto_ns_5#page/n275 "I titoli dei Dogi de Venezia"], ''Nuovo archivio veneto, Ser. NS'' 5 (1903), pp. 271–313.</ref>

===Post-1204===
The next major change in the dogal title came with the [[Fourth Crusade]], which conquered the Byzantine Empire (1204). The Byzantine honorific {{Transliteration|el|protosebastos}} had by this time been dropped and was replaced by a reference to Venice's allotment in the [[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae|partitioning of the Byzantine Empire]]. The new full title was 'By the grace of God duke of the Venices, Dalmatia and Croatia and lord of a fourth part and a half [three eighths] of the whole Empire of Romania' ({{lang|la|Dei gratia dux Venecie}} [or {{lang|la|Venetiarum}}] {{lang|la|Dalmatiae atque Chroatiae, dominus}} [or {{lang|la|dominator}}] {{lang|la|quartae partis et dimidie totius imperii Romaniae}}).{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=119, 146}}

Although traditionally ascribed by later medieval chroniclers to Doge Enrico Dandolo, who led the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade, and hence known as the ''arma Dandola'',{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=127–138}} in reality the title of 'lord of a fourth part and a half of the Empire of Romania' was first claimed by the ambitious Venetian [[Podestà of Constantinople|''podestà'' of Constantinople]], Marino Zeno, in his capacity as the Doge's representative in the 'Empire of Romania', and it was only subsequently adopted as part of the dogal title by Doge [[Pietro Ziani]].{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=120–121, 126–127, 146}}

The Greek chronicler [[George Akropolites]] used the term {{Transliteration|el|despotes}} to translate {{lang|la|dominus}}, 'lord', which has led to some confusion with the Byzantine court title of [[despot (court title)|despot]]. The latter title was never claimed by the doges, but was sometimes used by the Venetian ''podestàs'' of Constantinople in their capacity as the doge's representatives.{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=123–126}}

The title of 'lord of a fourth part and a half of the whole Empire of Romania' was used in official titulature thereafter, with the exception, after the [[Reconquest of Constantinople|re-establishment in 1261]] of the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty]], of Venice's relations with the Byzantine emperors, when that part of the dogal titulature was substituted by 'and lord of the lands and islands subject to his dogate' ({{lang|la|dominus terrarum et insularum suo ducatui subiectarum}}) or similar formulations.{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=146–147}}

In a similar manner, the disputes between Venice and Hungary over Dalmatia and Croatia led to the Kings of Hungary addressing the Doges of Venice without that part of their title, while in turn the Venetians tried to force the Hungarian kings to drop any title laying claim to the two provinces.{{sfn|Marin|2004|p=148}}

This dispute ended in the [[Treaty of Zadar]] of 1358, where Venice renounced its claims to Dalmatia; a special article in the treaty removed Dalmatia and Croatia from the doge's title. The resulting title was {{lang|la|Dux Veneciarum et cetera}}, 'Duke of the Venices and the rest'.{{sfn|Marin|2004|pp=148–149}} Even though Dalmatia would be regained by Venice in the early 15th century, the title was never modified, and remained in use until the [[Fall of the Republic of Venice|end of the Republic]].{{sfn|Marin|2004|p=149}} Even when the body of such documents was written in Italian, the title and dating clause were in Latin.<ref>[[Colin Macfarquhar]] and [[George Gleig]], eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=CXpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164 "Ducal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829020639/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164 |date=29 August 2021 }}, [[Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 3rd ed.]], vol. 6, part 1 (Edinburg, 1797), p. 164.</ref>