Editing Digital camera (section)

== History ==
{{See|History of the camera#Digital cameras|Digital imaging|Digital single-lens reflex camera|Camera phone}}

The first semiconductor image sensor was the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD), invented by [[Willard S. Boyle]] and [[George E. Smith]] at Bell Labs in 1969,<ref>{{Cite book | title = Scientific charge-coupled devices | author = James R. Janesick | publisher = SPIE Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8194-3698-6 | pages = 3–4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyE4SWytn4C&pg=PA3 }}</ref> based on [[MOS capacitor]] technology.<ref name="Williams">{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=J. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245|title=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-49088-5|pages=245–8}}</ref> The [[NMOS logic|NMOS]] [[active-pixel sensor]] was later invented by [[Tsutomu Nakamura]]'s team at [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus]] in 1985,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsumoto |first1=Kazuya |last2=Nakamura |first2=Tsutomu |last3=Yusa |first3=Atsushi |last4=Nagai |first4=Shohei |display-authors=1 |date=1985 |title=A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode |journal=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics |volume=24 |issue=5A |page=L323 |doi=10.1143/JJAP.24.L323 |bibcode=1985JaJAP..24L.323M |s2cid=108450116 }}</ref><ref name=fossum93>{{cite book |last=Fossum |first=Eric R. |chapter=Active pixel sensors: Are CCDS dinosaurs? |author-link=Eric Fossum |title=Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |journal=SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1900: Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |date=12 July 1993 |volume=1900 |doi=10.1117/12.148585 |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |pages=2–14 |bibcode=1993SPIE.1900....2F |editor1-last=Blouke |editor1-first=Morley M.|citeseerx=10.1.1.408.6558 |s2cid=10556755 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |s2cid=18831792 |author1-link=Eric Fossum |title=Active Pixel Sensors |website=Eric Fossum |year=2007 |url=https://ericfossum.com/Publications/Papers/Active%20Pixel%20Sensors%20LASER%20FOCUS.pdf}}</ref> which led to the development of the [[CMOS]] active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) at the [[NASA]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] in 1993.<ref name="Fossum2014">{{cite journal |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |last2=Hondongwa |first2=D. B. |title=A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors |journal=IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=fossum93 />

In the 1960s, [[Eugene F. Lally]] of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was thinking about how to use a mosaic photosensor to capture digital images. His idea was to take pictures of the planets and stars while travelling through space to give information about the astronauts' position.<ref name="Belbachir2009">{{cite book|author=Ahmed Nabil Belbachir|title=Smart Cameras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it5W3f7yqAgC&pg=PA8|date=20 October 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-0953-4|pages=8–}}</ref> As with [[Texas Instruments]] employee Willis Adcock's filmless camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4057830A/en|title=Electronic photography system}}</ref> the technology had yet to catch up with the concept.

In 1972, the [https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/virginia-t-norwood-the-mother-of-landsat Landsat 1 satellite's multispectral scanner (MSS)] started taking digital images of Earth. The MSS, designed by Virginia Norwood at Hughes Aircraft Company starting in 1969, captured and transmitted image data from green, red, and two infrared bands with 6 bits per channel, using a mechanical rocking mirror and an array of 24 detectors. Operating for six years, it transmitted more than 300,000 digital photographs of Earth while orbiting the planet about 14 times per day.

Also in 1972, Thomas McCord from MIT and James Westphal from Caltech together developed a [https://authors.library.caltech.edu/33192/1/MCCao72.pdf digital camera for use with telescopes]. Their 1972 [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3951552A "photometer-digitizer system]" used an analog-to-digital converter and a digital frame memory to store  256 x 256-pixel images of planets and stars, which were then recorded on digital magnetic tape.  CCD sensors were not yet commercially available, and the camera used a silicon diode vidicon tube detector, which was cooled using dry ice to reduce dark current, allowing exposure times of up to one hour.    

The [[Cromemco Cyclops]] was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of ''[[Popular Electronics]]'' magazine. It used a 32×32 metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensor, which was a modified MOS dynamic [[Random-access memory|RAM]] ([[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]]) [[memory chip]].<ref name="hackaday">{{cite web|last1=Benchoff|first1=Brian|title=Building the First Digital Camera|url=http://hackaday.com/2016/04/17/building-the-first-digital-camera/|website=[[Hackaday]]|access-date=30 April 2016|date=17 April 2016|quote=the Cyclops was the first digital camera|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506215319/http://hackaday.com/2016/04/17/building-the-first-digital-camera/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Steven Sasson]], an engineer at [[Eastman Kodak]], built a self-contained electronic camera that used a monochrome Fairchild CCD image sensor in 1975.<ref>{{cite book|first=David |last=Prakel|title=The Visual Dictionary of Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7X5vYbUd0sC&pg=PA91|access-date=24 July 2013|date=10 December 2009|publisher=AVA Publishing|isbn=978-2-940411-04-7|page=91}}</ref><ref name=Dobbin>{{Cite news|last=DOBBIN|first=BEN|date=2005-09-09|title=Kodak engineer had revolutionary idea: the first digital camera|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Kodak-engineer-had-revolutionary-idea-the-first-1182624.php|access-date=2021-12-29|newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|language=en-US|archive-date=2012-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125133811/http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Kodak-engineer-had-revolutionary-idea-the-first-1182624.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Estrin |first=James |date=August 12, 2015 |title=Kodak's First Digital Moment |url=http://nyti.ms/1IK1u5a |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 6, 2018}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Fujifilm]] began developing CCD technology in the 1970s.<ref name="Fujifilm">{{cite web |title=Innovation: FUJIX DS-1P: the world's first digital camera |website=[[Fujifilm]] |url=https://www.fujifilm.com/innovation/achievements/ds-1p/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027124138/https://www.fujifilm.com/innovation/achievements/ds-1p/ |archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref> Early uses were mainly military and scientific, followed by medical and news applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.digitalkameramuseum.de/en/history |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.digitalkameramuseum.de}}</ref>

The first filmless SLR (single lens reflex) camera was publicly demonstrated by Sony in August 1981. The [[Sony Mavica]] (magnetic [[still video camera]]) used a color-striped 2/3" format CCD sensor with 280K pixels, along with analogue video signal processing and recording.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kihara |first1=N. |last2=Nakamura |first2=K. |last3=Saito |first3=E. |last4=Kambara |first4=M. |date=June 1982 |title=The Electrical Still Camera a New Concept in Photography |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4179973 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics |volume=CE-28 |issue=3 |pages=325–331 |doi=10.1109/TCE.1982.353928 |s2cid=45483442 |issn=1558-4127 |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319235409/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4179973/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mavica electronic still camera recorded FM-modulated analog video signals on a newly developed 2" magnetic floppy disk, dubbed the "Mavipak".  The disk format was later standardized as the "Still Video Floppy", or "SVF".

The Canon RC-701, introduced in May 1986, was the first SVF camera (and the first electronic SLR camera) sold in the US. It employed an SLR viewfinder, included a 2/3" format color CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and was sold along with a removable 11-66mm and 50-150mm zoom lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Callahan |first=Sean |date=June 1986 |title=The future arrives - Canon RC-701 |journal=Popular Photography |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=62–63}}</ref>  

Over the next few years, many other companies began selling SVF cameras. These analog electronic cameras included the Nikon QV-1000C, which had an SLR viewfinder and a 2/3" format monochrome CCD sensor with 380K pixels and recorded analog [[Black and White Photography|black-and-white]] images on a Still Video Floppy.<ref name="busch">{{Cite book |last=Busch |first=David D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOVSzasqzQ4C&pg=PT11 |title=Nikon D70 Digital Field Guide |date=2011-08-02 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-08023-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kriss |first1=Michael |last2=Parulski |first2=Ken |last3=Lewis |first3=David |editor-first1=John C. |editor-last1=Urbach |date=1989-08-13 |title=Critical Technologies For Electronic Still Imaging Systems |url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/1082/0000/Critical-Technologies-For-Electronic-Still-Imaging-Systems/10.1117/12.952864.full |journal=Applications of Electronic Imaging |publisher=SPIE |volume=1082 |pages=157–184 |doi=10.1117/12.952864|bibcode=1989SPIE.1082..157K |s2cid=110114088 }}</ref>

At Photokina 1988, Fujifilm introduced the FUJIX DS-1P, the first fully digital camera, which recorded digital images using a semiconductor [[memory card]]. The camera's memory card had a capacity of 2&nbsp;MB of [[Static random-access memory|SRAM]] (static random-access memory) and could hold up to ten photographs. In 1989, Fujifilm released the FUJIX DS-X, the first fully digital camera to be commercially released.<ref name="Fujifilm" /> In 1996, [[Toshiba]]'s 40&nbsp;MB flash memory card was adopted for several digital cameras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toshiba &#124; Business to Business Integrated Solutions|url=https://www.toshiba.com/tai/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.toshiba.com}}</ref>

The first commercial [[camera phone]] was the [[Kyocera]] Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.<ref name="computerworld">{{cite web |title=Camera phones: A look back and forward |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html |website=[[Computerworld]] |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009064125/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html }}</ref> It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,<ref>{{cite news |title=First mobile videophone introduced |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.phonetv/ |access-date=15 September 2019 |agency=[[CNN]] |date=May 18, 1999 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825060432/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.phonetv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and had a 110,000-[[pixel]] [[front-facing camera]].<ref name="computerworld" /> It stored up to 20 JPEG [[digital images]], which could be sent over e-mail, or the phone could send up to two images per second over Japan's [[Personal Handy-phone System]] (PHS) [[cellular network]].<ref name="computerworld" /> The [[Samsung]] SCH-V200, released in [[South Korea]] in June 2000, was also one of the first phones with a built-in camera. It had a [[Thin-film transistor|TFT]] [[liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) and stored up to 20 [[digital photo]]s at 350,000-pixel resolution. However, it could not send the resulting image over the telephone function but required a computer connection to access photos.<ref name="digitaltrends">{{cite web |title=From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/ |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=August 11, 2013 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914020601/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first mass-market camera phone was the [[J-SH04]], a [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] [[J-Phone]] model sold in Japan in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |title=Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview |publisher=Hoista.net |date=2012-02-28 |access-date=2013-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731053246/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |archive-date=2013-07-31 }}</ref><ref name="digitaltrends" /> It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taking pictures with your phone |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1550622.stm |access-date=15 September 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date=18 September 2001 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828182250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1550622.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> 

By the mid-2000s, higher-end [[cell phones]] had an integrated digital camera, and by the early 2010s, almost all [[smartphone]]s had an integrated digital camera.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AU |first=Samsung |date=2018-02-21 |title=How mobile photography technology has evolved over two decades of phone cameras |url=https://mashable.com/ad/article/evolution-mobile-camera-technology |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Mashable |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227180923/https://mashable.com/ad/article/evolution-mobile-camera-technology |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the early 2020's a revival of digital camera's produced from the early 2000s occurred as a Tiktok trend and other online marketplaces such as eBay and [[Etsy]]. The trend was noted with [[Gen Z]] as being nostalgic and homage to [[Y2K aesthetic]].<ref name="g335">{{cite web | last=Farrell | first=Mike | title=Digital cameras back in fashion after online revival | website=BBC Home | date=2023-02-06 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-64512059 | access-date=2025-04-08}}</ref><ref name="g936">{{cite web | title=Say sleaze! The return of the digital camera | website=Dazed | date=2023-04-19 | url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/59676/1/digital-cameras-trend-indie-sleaze-miu-miu-tiktok-bella-hadid-instagram-myspace | access-date=2025-04-08}}</ref>