Editing Dickinson College (section)

==History==

===18th century===
[[File:Carlisle Tobacco Cloth.1.png|thumb|left|170px|The collaborative relationship between Dickinson College and [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] lasted almost four decades]]
The Carlisle Grammar School was founded in 1773 as a frontier Latin school for young men in [[Western Pennsylvania]]. Within years Carlisle's elite, such as [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]] and [[John Montgomery (Continental Congress)|John Montgomery]], were pushing for the development of the school as a college. In 1782, [[Benjamin Rush]], a physician who was a prominent leader during and after the American Revolution, met in [[Philadelphia]] with Montgomery and [[William Bingham]], a prominent businessman and politician. As their conversation about founding a frontier college in Carlisle took place on his porch, "Bingham's Porch" was long a rallying cry at Dickinson.

Dickinson College was chartered by the Pennsylvania legislature on September 9, 1783, six days after the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] that ended the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]; it was the first college to be founded in the newly independent nation. Rush intended to name the college after the [[Governor of Pennsylvania|president of Pennsylvania]] [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] and his wife [[Mary Norris Dickinson]], proposing "John and Mary's College." The Dickinsons had given the new college an extensive library which they jointly owned, one of the largest libraries in the colonies.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Books of Isaac Norris at Dickinson College|url=http://deila.dickinson.edu/norris/about.html|website=Dickinson College|publisher=The Dickinson Electronic Initiative in the Liberal Arts|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-0810884984|last=McKenney|first=Janice E.|title=Women of the Constitution: Wives of the Signers|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofconstitut0000mcke|url-access=registration|date=November 15, 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> The name Dickinson College was chosen instead. Dickinson College's location west of the [[Susquehanna River]] made it the westernmost college in the United States at the time of its 1783 founding. Rush made his first journey to Carlisle to attend the first meeting of the trustees, held in April 1784. The trustees selected [[Charles Nisbet]], a Scottish minister and scholar, to serve as the college's first president. He arrived and began to serve on July 4, 1785, serving until his unexpected death in 1804.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/n/ed_nisbetC.htm |title=Charles Nisbet, First President of Dickinson College |website=Dickinson College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230051716/http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/n/ed_nisbetC.htm |archive-date=2007-12-30 }}</ref>

Among Dickinson's 18th century graduates were [[Robert Cooper Grier]] and [[Roger Brooke Taney]], both of whom later became [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] justices, serving together on the court for 18 years.

===19th century===
[[File:Westcollege1810.jpg|thumb|left|An 1810 illustration of the original Dickinson College building, now known as West College, designed by [[Benjamin Latrobe]]]]
A combination of financial troubles and faculty dissension led to a college closing from 1816 to 1821. In 1832, when the trustees were unable to resolve a faculty curriculum dispute, they ordered Dickinson's temporary closure a second time.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=https://www.dickinson.edu/info/20048/history_of_the_college/1404/the_dickinson_story |title=The Dickinson Story |website=Dickinson College }}</ref><ref name="Kirp 2003"/>

The [[Penn State Dickinson Law|law school]] was founded in 1834, the [[Law school in the United States|third]] school of law established in the United States and the first in Pennsylvania. It became a separate school in 1890, although the law school and college continued to share a president until 1912. The law school is now affiliated with the [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State University]].<ref name=hist/>

During the 19th century, two noted Dickinson College alumni had prominent roles in the lead-up to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. They were [[James Buchanan]], the 15th [[president of the United States]], and [[Roger Brooke Taney]], the 5th [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]]. Dickinson is one of three liberal arts colleges to have graduated a president and a chief justice ([[Bowdoin College|Bowdoin]] and [[Amherst College|Amherst]] are the others). Taney led the Supreme Court in its ruling on the ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' decision, which held that Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories, overturning the Missouri Compromise. Buchanan threw the full prestige of his administration behind congressional approval of the [[Lecompton Constitution]] in Kansas. During the Civil War, the campus and town of Carlisle were occupied twice by Confederate forces in 1863.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/timeline/1851_1900.htm |title=1851-1900 Timeline |website=Chronicles |publisher=Dickinson College |access-date=2009-10-08 }}</ref>

Carlisle was also the location of the [[Carlisle Barracks]], which was converted in the late 1870s for use as the [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]]. In 1879, Dickinson College and the nearby Carlisle Indian School began a collaboration, when [[James Andrew McCauley]], president of the college, led the first worship service at the Indian School. The collaboration between the institutions lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the Indian School in 1918. Dickinson College professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Native American students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fields|first=Katie|title=The Influential Relationships|url=https://wiki.dickinson.edu/index.php?title=Influence_from_the_Faculty_at_Dickinson|access-date=2023-01-14|website=wiki.dickinson.edu|quote=Professor Charles Francis Himes, Dr. George Edward Reed, Stephen Baird, and Joshua Lippincott fostered the relationship between the institutions through religious services, advisory meetings, lectures, and commencement speeches.}}</ref> Dickinson College students volunteered services, observed teaching methods, and participated in events at the Indian School.<ref>Dickinson students visited the Indian School to offer their talents and services. The October 24, 1896 ''Dickinsonian'' reported that volunteer Sunday School teachers came from the college chapter of the YMCA. Those teachers with Indian students were said to "enjoy a rare privilege. The work is doubly interesting because one can be studying the characteristics of his scholars, at the same time learning many valuable lessons in methods of teaching." The college gave Dickinson students a half-day holiday to attend the annual commencement and "very interesting exercises" at the Indian School.</ref> Dickinson College accepted select Indian School students to attend its Preparatory School ("Conway Hall") and gain college-level education.<!--What does this mean? Why didn't they let them attend actual college classes?--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.dickinson.edu/index.php/History_of_Conway_Hall|title=History of Conway Hall |website=Dickinson College Wiki|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

When George Metzger, class of 1798, died in 1879, he left his land and $25,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000|1879|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) to the town of Carlisle to found a college for women. In 1881, the Metzger Institute opened. The college operated independently until 1913, when its building was leased to Dickinson College for the education of women. The building served as a women's dorm until 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/m/ed_metzgerhall.html |title=Metzger Hall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221647/http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/m/ed_metzgerhall.html |archive-date=2009-04-09 |work=Chronicles |publisher=Dickinson College |access-date=2009-10-08 }}</ref>

[[File:Zatae Leola Sturgis Longsdorff Straw - Crop.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Zatae Leola Longsdorff Straw]], an 1887 graduate of the college]]
In 1887, [[Zatae Leola Longsdorff Straw|Zatae Longsdorff]] became the first woman to graduate from Dickinson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dickinson.edu/people/zatae-longsdorff-straw-1866-1955 |title=Zatae Longsdorff Straw (1866-1955) |work=Archives & Special Collections |publisher=Dickinson College |access-date=September 2, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cumberlink.com/college/dickinson/women-s-history-month-zatae-longsdorff-was-considered-a-pioneer/article_74e3368b-3319-50fb-811c-692f9a2b5337.html |title=Women's History Month: Zatae Longsdorff was considered a pioneer among Dickinson College graduates |first=Joseph |last=Cress |work=[[The Sentinel (Pennsylvania)|The Sentinel]] |date=March 28, 2015 }}</ref>

===20th century===
In 1901, John Robert Paul Brock became the first black man to graduate from Dickinson; in 1919, Esther Popel Shaw was the first black woman to graduate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thedickinsonian.com/life-style/2019/02/14/red-devil-of-the-week-elaine-vivian-watson-class-of-1984/ |work=[[The Dickinsonian]] |date=February 14, 2019 |title=Red Devil of the Week: Elaine Vivian Watson Class of 1984 |access-date=September 1, 2019 }}</ref>

Dickinson also admitted Native American students directly: Thomas P. Marshall, a [[Sioux]] from [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation|Pine Ridge agency]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Marshall Student Information Card |url=https://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/student_files/thomas-marshall-student-information-card |access-date=2024-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zitkala Sa (aka Gertrude Simmons) at Carlisle. |url=https://carlisleindianschool.org/zitkalasa.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Carlisle Indian School}}</ref> [[South Dakota|S. Dakota]], was one of the first such students at Dickinson (his grave can be found in the [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] /CIIS/ cemetery).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gone, but not Forgotten: The Children of the Carlisle Indian School Cemetery |url=https://thedickinsonian.com/news/2024/05/01/gone-but-not-forgotten-the-children-of-the-carlisle-indian-school-cemetery/ |last=Rush |first=Isabel |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The Dickinsonian - the student news site of Dickinson College |author-link= |last2= |first2= |editor-last=Ferrante |editor-first=Disma}}</ref> In 1910, [[Frank Mount Pleasant]] was the first Native American to graduate from Dickinson College.

In the 1990s, the college experienced financial troubles stemming from poor management and acceptance rates climbed upwards. [[Henry Clarke (American businessman)|Henry Clarke]], an alumnus who developed the [[Klondike bar]] into a national brand for an ice cream bar, founded the Clarke Forum for Contemporary Issues at Dickinson College, and in 1994 established the [[Clarke Center]].<ref name=gdv>{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Hall|title=Henry Clarke, 79, Made Klondike Bar Famous, Former Greenwich Resident |url=http://greenwich.dailyvoice.com/obituaries/henry-clarke-79-made-klondike-bar-famous-former-greenwich-resident |work=[[Greenwich Daily Voice]] |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2013-04-30}}</ref> [[William Durden]], who became the 27th President in 1999, was credited with improving financial climate and revamping the school academics.<ref name="Kirp 2003">{{cite book |last1=Kirp |first1=David L. |author1-link=David L. Kirp |title=Shakespeare, Einstein, and the Bottom Line: The Marketing of Higher Education |date=2003 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-01146-5 |pages=52–65 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUHDJkOaD_kC&pg=PA52 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114180659/https://books.google.com/books?id=LUHDJkOaD_kC&pg=PA52 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |language=en |chapter=3. Benjamin Rush’s “Brat”: Dickinson College |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

===21st century===
Dickinson's acceptance rate is 35%,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dickinson.edu/news/article/4953/|title=Selectivity|newspaper=dickinson.edu|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> and the institutional endowment has more than doubled since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/departments/insres/index.htm |title=Institutional Research |publisher=Dickinson College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202105648/http://www.dickinson.edu/departments/insres/index.htm |archive-date=2007-12-02}}</ref>

In 2000 Dickinson opened a new science building, Tome Hall, a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary facility to host astronomy, computer science, math, and physics. Tome houses Dickinson's innovative "Workshop Physics" program and was the first stage of a new science complex.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Dickinson College|url=http://physics.dickinson.edu/~wp_web/WP_homepage.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019085903/http://physics.dickinson.edu/~wp_web/WP_homepage.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2002|title=Workshop Physics Homepage|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> Opened in 2008, the LEED Gold certified Rector Science Complex serves as a place of scientific exploration and learning in an environment that is artful and sustainable.

Dickinson acquired Allison United Methodist Church for college expansion in 2013. The building, located at 99&nbsp; Mooreland Avenue, provides the college with more than {{convert|33000|sqft|m2}} for events, guest speakers, student presentations, meetings, ecumenical worship, and additional offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news/article/136/a_landmark_addition|title=Allison Church Announcement|publisher=Dickinson College|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

Dickinson aims for campus [[environmental sustainability]] through several initiatives. In the Sustainable Endowments Institute's 2010 green report card Dickinson was one of only 15 schools in the United States to receive an A−, the highest grade possible. In the same year, Dickinson was named a ''Sierra'' magazine "Cool School" in its ''Comprehensive Guide to the Most Eco-Enlightened U.S. Colleges: Live (Green) and Learn''.<ref name=Sierra>{{cite web|title=Cool Schools: Top 100 Schools- September/October 2010 |work=Sierra Magazine |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/201009/coolschools/top100.aspx |access-date=December 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005150551/http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/201009/coolschools/top100.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> The college's commitment to making study of the environment and sustainability a defining characteristic of a Dickinson education was also recognised through being top of The Princeton Review's 2010 Green Honor Roll.<ref name="Green-honor">{{cite web|title=Dickinson Lands on the Green Honor Roll |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news-and-events/news/2009-10/Dickinson-Lands-on-the-Green-Honor-Roll/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104083428/http://www.dickinson.edu/news-and-events/news/2009-10/Dickinson-Lands-on-the-Green-Honor-Roll/ |archive-date=2013-01-04 |publisher=Dickinson College}}</ref>

In 2008, the college bought 100% of its energy from wind power,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/departments/sustainability/ |title=Dickinson College - Sustainability |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113063715/http://www.dickinson.edu/departments/sustainability/ |archive-date=2008-01-13 |publisher=Dickinson College }}</ref> had solar panels on campus,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/solar/ |publisher=Dickinson College |title=Trash on the Plaza |date=March 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213064516/http://dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/solar/ |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}</ref> owned and operated an organic garden and farm,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/organic_farm/ |publisher=Dickinson College |title=News and Events - Dickinson Farm |date=September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116072626/http://www.dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/organic_farm/ |archive-date=2008-01-16}}</ref> and had signed the American Colleges & Universities Presidents Climate Commitment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/climate/ |publisher=Dickinson College |title=College Presidents Pledge to Cut Greenhouse-Gas Emissions |date=June 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102105007/http://www.dickinson.edu/news/features/2007/climate/ |archive-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> The college's emphasis on sustainability education recognizes its importance for innovation and the lives of tomorrow's graduates.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hbr.org/2009/09/why-sustainability-is-now-the-key-driver-of-innovation/|title=Why Sustainability Is Now the Key Driver of Innovation | date = September 2009 |author1=Ram Nidumolu |author2=C.K. Prahalad |author3=M.R. Rangaswami. |journal=Harvard Business Review|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hbr.org/2010/05/the-sustainability-imperative/ar/1/|title=The Sustainability Imperative |date=May 2010 |author1=David A. Lubin |author2=Daniel C. Esty. |journal=Harvard Business Review|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1738016|title=Teaching sustainability to business students: shifting mindsets |journal=International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=206–221 |date=2008 |author1=Wendy Stubbs |author2=Chris Cocklin. |doi=10.1108/14676370810885844 |bibcode=2008IJSHE...9..206S |access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> The college had made a commitment to being [[carbon neutrality|carbon neutral]] by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dickinson.edu/news/article/3328/tesla_solar_array_installed_at_dickinson_college |title=12,000 Solar Panels to Provide 30 Percent of Campus Electricity Needs |publisher=Dickinson College |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref> This involved a mixture of increased energy efficiency on campus, switching energy sourcing, promoting behavior change and carbon offsetting.<ref name="DickinsonColl-climateaction_2020">{{cite web |title=Climate Action: Carbon neutral in 2020 |url=https://www.dickinson.edu/homepage/599/climate_action |publisher=Dickinson College |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>