Editing Derry (section)

==Name==
{{Main|Derry/Londonderry name dispute}}

[[File:Vandalised road-sign Londonderry P3010060.jpg|thumb|left|Road sign in Northern Ireland with the reference to ''London'' obscured]]
[[File:Derry Stranorlar N13 roadsign cropped.JPG|thumb|left|Road signs in the [[Republic of Ireland]] use ''Derry'' and the Irish {{lang|ga|Doire}}.]]

Despite the official name, the city is commonly known as ''Derry'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kockel |first=U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR3uCwAAQBAJ |title=Re-Visioning Europe: Frontiers, Place Identities and Journeys in Debatable Lands |date=28 July 2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-230-28298-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/what-s-in-a-name-1-2141016 |title=What's in a name? |date=2 October 2009 |work=[[Derry Journal]] |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121091224/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/what-s-in-a-name-1-2141016 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which is an [[anglicisation]] of the Irish {{lang|sga|Daire}} or {{lang|ga|Doire}}, which translates as '[[oak]]-grove/oak-wood'. The name derives from the settlement's earliest references, {{lang|sga|Daire Calgaich}} ('oak-grove of Calgach').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/3derry.shtml |title=Beginners' BLAS 3: Logainmneacha/Placenames |work=Education/Oideachas |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626185412/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/3derry.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Hugh |last=Forde |title=Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland |date=1923 |location=Belfast |publisher=M'Caw, Stevenson & Orr / Linenhall Press |via=LibraryIreland |url=http://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208010010/http://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony David |last=Mills |title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br8xcW1f_a8C&pg=PT430 |access-date=27 June 2012 |date=6 November 2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-852758-9 |pages=430 ''ff.'' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618011434/http://books.google.com/books?id=br8xcW1f_a8C&pg=PT430 |archive-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The name was changed from Derry in 1613 during the [[Plantation of Ulster]] to reflect the establishment of the city by the [[City of London|London]] [[livery company|guilds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/dlo.cfm/19thphotobooks/006ZZZ001782A19U00012000.htm |title=Londonderry |last=Hudson |first=John |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016183941/http://collectbritain.co.uk/dlo.cfm/19thphotobooks/006ZZZ001782A19U00012000.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Curl">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/companies/londoncompanies_full.rtf |title=The City of London and the Plantation of Ulster |last=Curl |first=James Stevens |date=2001 |publisher=[[BBC Online|BBCi]] History Online |work=Wars & Conflict: The Plantation of Ulster |access-date=10 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913111753/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/companies/londoncompanies_full.rtf |archive-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Derry'' has been used in the names of the [[local government in Northern Ireland|local government district and council]] since 1984, when the council changed its name from ''Londonderry City Council'' to ''Derry City Council''.<ref name="bbc-2006-court">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6213890.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=City name row lands in High Court |date=6 December 2006 |access-date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407070039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6213890.stm |archive-date=7 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This also changed the name of the district, which had been created in 1973 and included both the city and surrounding rural areas. In the [[reform of local government in Northern Ireland|2015 local government reform]], the district was merged with the Strabane district to form the [[Derry City and Strabane]] district, with the councils likewise merged.

According to the city's [[royal charter]] of 10 April 1662, the official name is ''Londonderry''. This was reaffirmed in a [[Derry City Council, Re Application for Judicial Review|High Court decision in 2007]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/nie/cases/NIHC/QB/2007/5.html&query=title+(+Derry+)&method=boolean |title=Derry City Council, Re Application for Judicial Review [2007] NIQB 5 |date=25 January 2007 |publisher=[[Derry City Council]] |via=British and Irish Legal Information Institute |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903221802/http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=%2Fnie%2Fcases%2FNIHC%2FQB%2F2007%2F5.html&query=title+%28+Derry+%29&method=boolean |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6297907.stm |title=Stroke City to remain Londonderry |date=25 January 2007 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211173823/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6297907.stm |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2007 court case arose because Derry City Council wanted clarification on whether the 1984 name change of the council and district had changed the official name of the city and what the procedure would be to effect a name change.<ref name="bbc-2006-court" /> The court clarified that Londonderry remained the official name and that the correct procedure to change the name would be via a petition to the [[Privy Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/Press%20Releases/250107-name.htm |title=Derry City Council – High Court Provides Clarification on City's Name |work=DerryCity.gov.uk |publisher=[[Derry City Council]] |date=25 January 2007 |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602043321/http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/Press%20Releases/250107-name.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> Derry City Council afterwards began this process and was involved in conducting an [[Derry-Londonderry name dispute#Equality impact assessment|equality impact assessment report]] (EQIA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/equality-current.htm |title=Equality: Equality Impact Assessments – Current Consultation |date=2008 |work=DerryCity.gov.uk |publisher=[[Derry City Council]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202173814/http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/equality-current.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> Firstly it held an opinion poll of district residents in 2009, which reported that 75% of Catholics and 77% of Nationalists found the proposed change acceptable, compared to 6% of Protestants and 8% of Unionists.<ref>Draft EQIA, Appendix pp.91–2</ref> The EQIA then held two consultative forums and solicited comments from the general public on whether or not the city should have its name changed to Derry.<ref name="TCR" /> A total of 12,136 comments were received, of which 3,108 were broadly in favour of the proposal, and 9,028 opposed it.<ref name="TCR">{{cite web |url=http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/Agenda/downloads/special/tcr.doc |title=Report of Town Clerk and Chief Executive to Special Council Meeting |last=McMahon |first=Damien |date=26 February 2010 |work=DerryCity.gov.uk |publisher=[[Derry City Council]] |access-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710022228/http://derrycity.gov.uk/Agenda/downloads/special/tcr.doc |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> On 23 July 2015, the council voted in favour of a motion to change the official name of the city to Derry and to write to [[Mark H. Durkan]], the Northern Irish [[Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland)|Minister for the Environment]], to ask how the change could be effected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/news/new-derry-name-bid-disgusting-claim-dup-1-6867330 |title=New 'Derry' name bid 'disgusting', claim DUP |first=Brendan |last=McDaid |work=Derry Journal |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725015414/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/new-derry-name-bid-disgusting-claim-dup-1-6867330 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The name ''Derry'' is preferred by [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]] and it is broadly used throughout Northern Ireland's Catholic community,<ref name="CainName">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/segregat/temple/discus1.htm |title=Aspects of Sectarian Division in Derry Londonderry&nbsp;&nbsp;– First public discussion: The Name of this City? |access-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210182020/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/segregat/temple/discus1.htm |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as that of the Republic of Ireland, whereas many [[Unionists (Ireland)|unionists]] prefer ''Londonderry'';<ref name="Kuusisto-Arponen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3684.2001.00100.x |last=Kuusisto-Arponen |first=Anna-Kaisa |date=2001 |title=The end of violence and introduction of 'real' politics: Tensions in peaceful Northern Ireland |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=121–130 |jstor=491073 |s2cid=145347509}}</ref> however, in everyday conversation ''Derry'' is used by most Protestant residents of the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the Conflict in Northern Ireland |first=Cordula |last=Hawes-Bilger |date=19 December 2023 |publisher=Lehmanns Media |isbn=978-3-7720-8200-9 |page=100}}</ref> Linguist Kevin McCafferty argues that "It is not, strictly speaking, correct that Northern Ireland Catholics call it Derry, while Protestants use the Londonderry form, although this pattern has become more common locally since the mid-1980s, when the city council changed its name by dropping the prefix". In McCafferty's survey of language use in the city, "only very few interviewees—all Protestants—use the official form".<ref name="McCafferty">{{cite book |title=Ethnicity and Language Change: English in (London)Derry, Northern Ireland |first=Kevin |last=McCafferty |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[John Benjamins]] |date=2001 |page=6 |isbn=9781588110022}}</ref>

[[File:Graffiti in Derry in the 1920.jpg|thumb|left|Unionist graffiti {{circa|1920}} showing the short version of the name.]]

Apart from the name of the local council, the city is usually<ref name="CainName" /> known as ''Londonderry'' in official use within the UK. In the Republic of Ireland, the city and county are almost always referred to as ''Derry'', on maps, in the media and in conversation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishrail.ie/images/maps/intercity_map.gif |title=Irish Rail network showing 'Derry' |access-date=29 July 2009 |publisher=[[Iarnród Éireann]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118043852/http://www.irishrail.ie//images/maps/intercity_map.gif |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref> In April 2009, however, the Republic of Ireland's Minister for Foreign Affairs, [[Micheál Martin]], announced that Irish passport holders who were born there could record either ''Derry'' or ''Londonderry'' as their place of birth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Stephen |title=Derry-born can choose city's name on passport |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0409/1224244287427.html |access-date=23 July 2015 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013130638/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0409/1224244287427.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Whereas official road signs in the Republic use the name ''Derry'', those in Northern Ireland bear ''Londonderry'' (sometimes abbreviated to ''L'derry''), although some of these have been defaced with the reference to London obscured.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davenport |first1=Fionn |last2=Beech |first2=Charlotte |last3=Downs |first3=Tom |last4=Hannigan |first4=Des |last5=Parnell |first5=Fran |last6=Wilson |first6=Neil |title=Ireland |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |location=London |date=2006 |edition=7th |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetirel00fion/page/625 625] |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetirel00fion |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration |quote=Derry name republic. |isbn=978-1-74059-968-9}}</ref> Usage varies among local organisations, with both names being used. Examples are [[City of Derry Airport]], [[City of Derry Rugby Club]], [[Derry City FC]] and the Protestant [[Apprentice Boys of Derry]], as opposed to [[Londonderry Port]], Londonderry YMCA Rugby Club and Londonderry Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonderrychamber.co.uk/ |title=Londonderry Chamber of Commerce |work=LondonderryChamber.co.uk |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619114114/http://www.londonderrychamber.co.uk/ |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bishopric has always remained that of Derry, both in the (Protestant, formerly-established) [[Church of Ireland]] (now combined with the bishopric of Raphoe) and in the Roman Catholic Church. Most companies within the city choose local area names such as Pennyburn, Rosemount or ''Foyle'' from the [[River Foyle]] to avoid alienating the other community. [[Derry ~ Londonderry railway station|Derry~Londonderry railway station]] is often referred to as Waterside railway station within the city, but is called Derry/Londonderry at other stations. The council changed the name of the local government district covering the city to Derry on 7 May 1984, consequently renaming itself Derry City Council.<ref>Change of District Name (Derry) Order 1984</ref> This did not change the name of the city, although the city is coterminous with the district, and in law the city council is also the ''Corporation of Londonderry'' or, more formally, the ''Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of the City of Londonderry''.<ref>Sections 7, 8 and 132 of the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972 (Eliz II 20 & 21 c.9)</ref> The form ''Londonderry'' is used for the [[post town]] by the [[Royal Mail]];<ref name="McCafferty" /> however, use of ''Derry'' will still ensure delivery.

The city is also nicknamed "the Maiden City" by virtue of the fact that its walls were never breached despite being besieged on three separate occasions in the 17th century, the most notable being the [[Siege of Derry]] of 1688–1689.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1588 |title=The Walled City Experience |publisher=[[Tourism Northern Ireland]] |access-date=4 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420182750/http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1588 |archive-date=20 April 2008}}</ref> It was also nicknamed "[[Slash (punctuation)|Stroke]] City" by local broadcaster [[Gerry Anderson (broadcaster)|Gerry Anderson]], owing to the politically correct use by some of the dual name ''Derry/Londonderry''<ref name="CainName" /> (which has itself been used by [[BBC Television]]).<ref>''[[The One Show]]'', [[BBC1]], 15 July 2010</ref> A later addition to the landscape has been the erection of several large stone columns on main roads into the city welcoming drivers, euphemistically, to 'the Walled City'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitderry.com/ |title=Welcome to the Walled City |work=Visit Derry |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>

''Derry'' is a common place name in Ireland, with at least six towns bearing that name and at least a further 79 places. The word ''Derry'' often forms part of the place name, for example, Derrybeg, Derryboy, Derrylea and Derrymore.

[[Londonderry, Yorkshire]], near the [[Yorkshire Dales]], was named for the [[Marquess of Londonderry|Marquesses of Londonderry]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lloyd |first1=Chris |title=It's a long way to Londonderry... |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/13383194.It_s_a_long_way_to_Londonderry___/ |access-date=17 January 2016 |work=The Northern Echo |date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919175534/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/13383194.It_s_a_long_way_to_Londonderry___/ |url-status=live}}</ref> as is [[Londonderry Island]] off [[Tierra del Fuego]] in Chile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangorhistoricalsocietyni.org/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000026/002667.shtml |first=Ellen |last=Elder |title=Northern Ireland and Tierra del Fuego |date=9 January 2017 |location=County Down |publisher=Bangor Historical Society |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> In the United States, twin towns in [[New Hampshire]] called [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]] and [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]] lie about 75 miles from [[Londonderry, Vermont]], with additional namesakes in [[Derry, Pennsylvania]], [[Londonderry, Guernsey County, Ohio|Londonderry, Ohio]], and in Canada [[Londonderry, Nova Scotia]] and [[Londonderry, Edmonton, Alberta]]. There is also [[Londonderry, New South Wales]] and the associated [[Electoral district of Londonderry|Londonderry electorate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Londonderry |publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]] |url=https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/District-profiles/Londonderry |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>