Editing Deobandi movement (section)

== Foundation and expansion ==
{{Deobandi}}[[British Raj|British colonialism]] in [[colonial India|India]]<ref name="Luv Puri">{{cite journal |last=Puri |first=Luv |date=3 November 2009 |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |location=West Point, New York |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=19–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], Shah Rafi al-Din, [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], Zulfiqar Ali, [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]]—to be corrupting Islam.<ref>
{{cite web |title=The Six Great Ones |publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308214818/http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-date=8 March 2016}}
</ref> The group founded an Islamic seminary (''[[madrassa]]'') known as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]],<ref name="Luv Puri"/><ref name="Jawad Syed et al.">
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |location=[[Basingstoke]] |page=139 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |quote=Some prominent founders of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], such as [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] and they set up an Islamic seminary at [[Deoband]] in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] on 30 May 1866 |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas}}</ref><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626">Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p. 626. {{ISBN|0521779332}}</ref><ref name="Urban Terrorism">{{cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=N. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA66 |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |last2=Nirmal |first2=Anjali |publisher=Shashi Jain for Pointer Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 |location=[[Jaipur]] |page=66}}</ref> where the [[Islamic revival]]ist and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]]. Towards the time of the [[Indian independence movement]] and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of [[composite nationalism]] by which Muslims and Hindus were seen as one nation who were asked to be [[Hindu–Muslim unity|united in the struggle]] against the British rule.<ref name="Ali2011"/>

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Ali2011" /> Deobandi scholar [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] helped to spread these ideas through his text ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]''.<ref name="Ali2011">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar |title=Islamic identity in secular India |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/900-islamic-identity-in-secular-india-part-i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=9 April 2011|quote=The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur’an and hadith and opposing Muslim League’s separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama’s priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.}}</ref> A group later dissented from this position and joined [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Shafi]], who formed the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] in 1945.<ref>''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins'', Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224</ref>

Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas2011">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 |location=London |pages=33–34 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33}}</ref>

=== India ===
The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /> and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Pakistan ===
{{further|Islamism in Pakistan|Sectarian violence in Pakistan}}
Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 40-50% or 80-100 million [[Pakistani Muslims]] consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Balochistan|Balochistan,]] [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punab]] and [[Sindh]]. It is the most followed Movement among [[Pashtuns]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Punjabis]] and [[Sindhis]]<ref name="RohanBedi">{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013|page=3 }}.<br />This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.<ref name="Sushant Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.<ref name="Sushant Sareen" />

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Let]], etc. have a militant character<ref name="deobandi1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=371 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 }}</ref> and have [[Persecution of Sufis|attacked and destroyed Sufi sites]] holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as [[Data Darbar]] in [[Lahore]], [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]'s tomb in [[Karachi]], Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and [[Rahman Baba]]'s tomb in [[Peshawar]].<ref name="deobandi1"/>

=== Afghanistan ===
Deobandi Islam is the most popular movement in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Sushant Sareen" /><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Moreover, prominent [[Afghans|Afghan]] and Pakistani [[Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in South Africa}}
The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchant class.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Deobandīs in Africa |date=2015 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/deobandis-in-africa-COM_27718?s.num=1&s.au=%22Moosa,+Ebrahim%22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as the Tablighi Jamat and [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing [[fatwa]] services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in service of the Tablighi Jamaat, among them are [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> and [[Asad Madni]]. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] and the [[Muslim Judicial Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in Iran}}
Students from various regions, including [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durani |first=Abdul Gufur |date=2013 |title=Advent of Deobandi Thinking in India and Its Impact on Iranian Baluchistan |url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_848.html?lang=en |journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches |volume=4 |pages=22 |doi=10.22111/jsr.2013.848|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-xiii-islamic-political-movements-in-20th-century-iran|title=Islam In Iran Xiii. Islamic Political Movements In 20th Century Iran|first=Ashraf|last=Ahmad|year=2000|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the [[Baloch people|Baloch tribes]] and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran.{{Sfn|Durani|2013|p=22}} Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The [[Naqshbandi]] order played an important role for the Deobandi movement in the Persian-speaking world.<ref name=":dawn">{{Cite news |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=21 May 2015 |title=The role of Deobandi school of thought in Iran discussed |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183212}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{further|Islamism in the United Kingdom}}
In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.<ref name=Who/> Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."<ref name=Who>{{citation |url=http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |title=Who are Britain's Muslims? |date=12 August 2016 |work=On Religion magazine |first1=Abdul-Azim |last1=Ahmed |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154515/http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 [[Ofsted]] highlighted the Deobandi seminary in [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]] as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".<ref name=Ofsted201415>{{citation |title=The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483347/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills.pdf |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=House of Commons |pages=95–96}} [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24830/2/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills_Redacted.pdf Alternative URL].</ref> The journalist, [[Andrew Norfolk]], did not agree with this assessment.<ref name=AndrewNorfolk19April2016>{{citation |title=Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/religion/article/prisons-chief-praises-islamic-sect-that-warns-of-repulsive-christian-women-srjb6cdc6 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=19 April 2016 |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref>

According to a 2007 report by Andrew Norfolk, published in ''[[The Times]]'', about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques were under the control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus. The same investigative report further said that 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which ''The Times'' said had given birth to the Taliban. According to ''The Times'', almost 80% of all domestically trained [[Ulema]] were being trained in these hardline seminaries.<ref name=Hardline>{{cite news |title=Hardline takeover of British Masjid |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=7 September 2007 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/hardline-takeover-of-british-mosques-khdjz2cjpnc |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref> An opinion column in ''[[The Guardian]]'' described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, exaggeration and outright nonsense".<ref>{{citation |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/07/atoxicmixoffactandnonsense |title=A toxic mix of fact and nonsense |first1=Inayat |last1=Bunglawala |date= 7 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars are controlled by the Deobandis, the largest single Islamic group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/06/who-runs-our-mosques/ |title=Who runs our mosques? |newspaper= [[The Spectator]] |date =14 June 2014 |first1=Innes |last1=Bowen}}</ref>