Editing Denton, Greater Manchester (section)

== History ==

===Toponymy===
Denton probably derives its name from Dane-town, an etymology supported by other place names in the area such as Danehead-bank and Daneditch-bourne.<ref>{{Cite web
 | title = Denby – Denton, West
 | work = A Topographical Dictionary of England
 | year = 1848
 | pages = 28–32
 | agency = University of London & History of Parliament Trust
 | publisher = British History Online
 | url = http://british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=50917
 | access-date = 22 April 2007}}</ref> The word 'Dane' is itself derived from [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''denu'', ''dene'', ''daenland'', meaning a valley. So literally Denton means valley town.

===Prehistory===
A [[Byzantine]] coin was discovered in Danesheadbank, dating from the sixth or seventh century, as part of the Denton coin hoard.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mike Nevell |year=1992 |title=Tameside Before 1066 |page=76 |publisher=Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council |isbn=1-871324-07-6}}</ref> The early medieval linear earthwork [[Nico Ditch]] passes through Denton; it was probably used as an administrative boundary and dates from the 8th or 9th centuries. A 300&nbsp;m stretch is still visible on Denton golf course, about 4&nbsp;m wide and 1.5&nbsp;m deep.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mike Nevell |year=1998 |title=Lands and Lordships in Tameside |publisher=Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council with the [[Manchester University|University of Manchester Archaeological Unit]] |pages=40–41 |isbn=1-871324-18-1}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
In the early 13th century it lay within the [[Manorialism|Manor]] of Withington, a feudal estate which also encompassed the townships of [[Withington]], [[Didsbury]], [[Chorlton-cum-Hardy]], [[Moss Side]], [[Rusholme]], [[Burnage]] and [[Haughton, Greater Manchester|Haughton]], ruled by the Hathersage, Longford, Mosley and Tatton families.<ref>{{Cite book
|last= Sussex & Helm
|title= Looking Back at Withington and Didsbury
|page=45
|publisher= Willow
|year= 1988
|isbn= 0-946361-25-8}}</ref>

===Hat industry===
Felt hatting was recorded in Denton as early as 1702 and Denton gained supremacy in the hatting industry towards the end of the 19th century. The increasing importance of Denton and Haughton as centres of felt hat production is demonstrated by the increase of manufacturers in the area: in 1800 there were 4 hatting firms in Denton and Haughton, but by 1825 there were 25 manufacturers, making it the third largest hat making centre in the north west. By 1840, 24,000 felt hats were produced in Denton a week. The prosperity of the hatting industry is reflected in the growth of the town from 2,501 in 1801 to 6,759 in 1841.<ref name="Hat making">{{Cite book|author=Mike Nevell, Brian Grimsditch and Ivan Hradil |year=2007 |title=Denton and the Archaeology of the Felt Hatting Industry |publisher=Tameside Metropolitan Borough and [[Manchester University|University of Manchester Archaeological Unit]] |pages=26, 29–32, 40, 74–76 |isbn=978-1-871324-36-5}}</ref>

During the 1840s, the felt hat industry went into depression; the recession affected Denton, with wages in the area falling by 35% and only 12 hat manufacturers remaining in Denton. The depression was partially due to changes in fashion away from felt towards silk hats. The revitalisation of the felt hat industry came in the 1850s, once again on a whim of fashion but also the increased use of machinery led to reduced production costs. The resurgence was demonstrated by the doubling of the number of hat manufacturers in the town between 1861 and 1872. At its peak in the Edwardian period, Denton's felt hat industry was the largest felt hat manufacturing centre in Britain{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. There were 36 firms directly involved in the felt hat making industry. In 1907 the majority of the 16,428,000 felt hats made in England (worth £2,068,000) were made in Denton and Stockport. In 1921, the working population of Denton was 9,653 with about 41% of those people in occupations related to the hatting industry. The last hat factory in Denton closed in 1980.<ref name="Hat making" />

Although the felt hat industry in Denton and Haughton was prosperous and an integral part of the town, working conditions in the factories were not risk free. One of the problems workers faced was [[mercury poisoning]]; mercury was used to separate the fur from the rabbit hide and workers were in regular contact with fur impregnated with mercury or exposed to mercury vapour. Inadequate ventilation in some parts of the hat making process led to other sorts of dangers; solvents were also used and on 14 January 1901 there was an explosion at the factory of Joseph Wilson & Sons in Denton, killing 13 people and injuring many more. The explosion was of vapour from methylated spirits used in the dying process.<ref name="Hat making" />

Throughout the 19th century and well into the 20th century, a wide range of hats was manufactured to suit all tastes and purses. The names used by the competing manufacturers to describe their products was bewildering and some of these were; felt hats, silk hats, fur hats, wear fur hats, soft hats, stiff hats, velour hats, wool hats, straw hats and, of course, the ubiquitous [[cloth cap]]. In the 1930s the 'Attaboy' [[trilby|trilby hat]] was introduced by the Denton Hat Company. This brand quickly became famous and it was in production for many years. Ladies' hats were not forgotten either and at least one works specialised in making these and the hat master's wife designed them at home. Hats were made for home consumption and for export. The well-known slogan "''If you want to get ahead, get a hat''" arose in Denton{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} and, needless to say, anyone attending for a job interview not wearing a hat was quickly shown the door.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Similarly, until the early 20th century, anyone entering a Denton shop without a hat would receive much cursing.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The term, "''mad as a hatter''" also arose in Denton{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} because the mercury used in the felting process led to mercury poisoning.

In 2003, the prominent Wilson's Hat Factory on Wilton Street, together with the adjacent mill-workers' houses, other factories, Wilton Street Chapel and Mainstream Studios was demolished to make way for a new retail shopping park 'Crown Point North'.

=== Coal mining ===
[[File:Denton greater manchester from the air.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Viewed from the air, looking west]]
Denton is on the Lancashire [[coalfield]] and once had a number of collieries. These included the Ellis Colliery (which became Denton Colliery), Top Pit, Hard Mine Pit and, further south and near to the River Tame, Hulmes Pit. Much of the coal that they produced was consumed by local industry, there being an abundance of steam powered mills in the area.

Denton Colliery was the largest of these mines and eventually absorbed the other local pits, often using their shafts for ventilation or, in the case of Hulmes Pit, as a pumping station to drain water from the main workings. Denton Colliery was connected to the [[London & North Western Railway]]'s line from [[Guide Bridge]] to [[Stockport]] by a standard gauge [[Tramway (industrial)|tramway]]. The tramway was worked by steam power, rather than horses, as evidenced by a photograph held in the Tameside Local History Library archives.

In 1926, miners at Denton Colliery joined the national strike against reduced wages and longer working hours. This dispute led to the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|General Strike]] (3–12 May 1926). When the General Strike was called off, coal miners stayed out for several more months.

As the strike started to crumble, miners at Denton Colliery remained steadfast, not returning to work until 5 November 1926,<ref name="ReferenceA">C. Wilkins-Jones, ''Tameside'', Tameside Metropolitan Libraries Committee, 1978</ref> some 6 weeks and one day after their colleagues at the nearby Ashton Moss Colliery, the only other significant colliery left in Tameside at that time. They returned to face longer working hours and their pre-strike rates of pay.

Unfortunately, months without maintenance during the strike had taken their toll on many coal mines. Denton Colliery had flooded to the extent that it was no longer workable and the Denton Colliery Co. went into voluntary liquidation in 1929. The headstock was demolished in 1932 and the shaft was finally filled and capped in 1974.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Some traces of Denton Colliery can still be found. The colliery offices on Stockport Road still stand and are now the showroom of a company of monumental stonemasons. Behind the office building is a small section of wall from the colliery. On the opposite side of the road and slightly nearer to Crown Point is the building that once housed the local mines rescue station, now two private houses. Two miner's cottages, much altered and now converted into one house, stand near the junction of Stockport Road and Cemetery Road. The foundations of Hulmes Pit were excavated in the early 1970s and can still be seen. Parts of the track bed of the tramway to Denton Colliery can still be traced, both on modern maps and on the ground, as can traces of a canal, known as the [[Beat Bank Branch Canal|Beat Bank Branch]], intended to link local collieries to the [[Stockport Branch Canal|Stockport branch]] of the [[Ashton Canal]] at [[Reddish]], which was partially built and then abandoned.

=== Oldham Batteries ===
 
After hatting, the most important industry in Denton was the manufacture of [[Lead-acid battery|lead-acid batteries]] by Oldham Batteries (Oldham & Son Ltd). In 1865, Joseph Oldham established a millwright general engineering shop and by 1887 this company was manufacturing machinery for the hat-making industry. Another important industry in the area was coal mining and shortly after 1887 the company began making machinery and equipment for this industry, which included miners' portable lamps. Up to this time, miners had always used the safety lamp devised in 1815 by Sir [[Humphry Davy]] (1778–1829) but this new battery-powered [[Davy lamp]] eventually replaced the traditional safety lamp.

In 1920, the manufacture of automotive batteries for commercial vehicles, cars and motorcycles commenced and over the years this business expanded into the manufacture of traction batteries, which also included submarine batteries.

Nonetheless, the company never converted exclusively to the manufacture of batteries and they still continued to make machinery for the hatting industry, general engineering equipment, portable lamps and lighting systems as well as helmet-lamps and other related equipment for the mining industry. It also produced attachments for the mechanical handling industry.

Oldham Batteries became a major Denton employer with over 1,000 employees, but by the beginning of 2002 the decision to close the factory had been made. The factory, which used to be off Lime Grove, Denton, is no longer there. It has been demolished, and a planning application for a further housing and a Wellness centre agreed, the latter of which was completed and opened in early 2020.  The housing is still currently (as of 2022) being built.  Both of these projects required considerable clean up of the ground, given the previous use and the associated lead and other chemical contamination.