Editing Deng Xiaoping (section)

== Early life and family ==
[[File:Student Deng Xiaoping in France.jpg|thumb|left|Deng Xiaoping at age 16, studying in France (1921)]]
Deng's ancestors can be traced back to [[Meixian District|Jiaying County]] (now renamed as Meixian), [[Guangdong]],<ref name="Asiawind.com">{{Cite web |date=29 December 1997 |title=The arrival of the Hakkas in Sichuan Province |url=http://www.asiawind.com/pub/forum/fhakka/mhonarc/msg00475.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104074554/http://www.asiawind.com/pub/forum/fhakka/mhonarc/msg00475.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=13 March 2010 |publisher=Asiawind.com}}</ref> a prominent ancestral area for the [[Hakka people]], and had settled in Sichuan for several generations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Luodai, a Hakkanese town in Sichuan Province |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-01/14/content_857292.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215533/http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-01/14/content_857292.htm |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=14 May 2010 |publisher=GOV.cn}}</ref> Deng's daughter [[Deng Rong]] wrote in the book ''My Father Deng Xiaoping'' ({{lang|zh-hans|我的父亲邓小平}}) that his ancestry was probably, but not definitely, Hakka. Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the [[Ming dynasty]], but when the [[Qing dynasty]] planned to increase the population in 1671, they moved back to Sichuan. Deng was born in [[Guang'an District]], [[Guang'an]] on 22 August 1904 in [[Sichuan]] province.<ref name="Dai2009">{{Cite book |last=Yingcong Dai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25 |title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-295-98952-5 |pages=25– |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a mid-level landowner who had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in [[Chengdu]], Sichuan. He was locally prominent.{{sfn|Yang|1997|pp=11-12}} His mother, surnamed Dan, died early in Deng's life, leaving Deng, his three brothers, and three sisters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping – Childhood |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103417.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215455/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103417.htm |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=14 May 2010 |publisher=China.org.cn}}</ref> At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven.

Deng's first wife, one of his schoolmates from Moscow, died aged 24 a few days after giving birth to their first child, a baby girl who also died. His second wife, Jin Weiying, left him after Deng came under political attack in 1933. His third wife, [[Zhuo Lin]], was the daughter of an industrialist in [[Yunnan]]. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and married Deng a year later in front of Mao's cave dwelling in [[Yan'an]]. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, [[Deng Nan]] and Deng Rong) and two sons ([[Deng Pufang]] and Deng Zhifang). Deng quit smoking when he was 86.<ref name="UPI 1991 e838">{{cite web | title=Deng Xiaoping quits smoking | website=UPI | date=1 April 1991 | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/01/Deng-Xiaoping-quits-smoking/6011670482000/ | access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Education and early career ===
[[File:Deng xxixian.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Deng's name is spelled "Teng Xi Xien" on this employment card from the [[Hutchinson SA|Hutchinson]] shoe factory in [[Châlette-sur-Loing]], France, where he worked for eight months in 1922, and for another stint in 1923 where he was fired after one month, with the bottom note reading 'refused to work, do not take him back']]
Deng's given name was  Xiansheng ({{lang|zh-hans|先圣}}). When Deng first attended school, his tutor objected to him having the given name Xiansheng, instead calling him "Xixian" ({{lang|zh-hans|希贤}}), which includes the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness", with overtones of wisdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China |title-link=Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-013945-7 |edition=2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Xia |first=Zhengnong |publisher=Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=9787532612369 |volume={{lang|zh-hant|哲學卷}} |location=Shanghai |page=38 |script-title=zh:大辭海}}</ref>

In the summer of 1919, Deng graduated from the [[Chongqing]] School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (travelling [[Steerage (deck)|steerage]]) to participate in the [[Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement]], a work-study program<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=37}} in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927. Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.<ref>Spence, Jonathan (1999), "In Search of Modern China", 310</ref> Wu Yuzhang, the local leader of the Movement in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.{{sfnb|Vogel|2011| p= 18–20}} The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Whitney |title=Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China |date=2001 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=9780822549628 |page=23}}</ref>

On 19 October 1920, a French [[Packet trade|packet ship]], the ''André Lebon'', sailed into [[Marseille]] with 210 Chinese students aboard including Deng. The sixteen-year-old Deng briefly attended middle schools in [[Bayeux]] and [[Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine|Châtillon]], but he spent most of his time in France working, including at a [[Renault]] factory and as a [[Fitter (occupation)|fitter]] at the [[Le Creusot]] Iron and Steel Plant in [[La Garenne-Colombes]], a north-western suburb of Paris where he moved in April 1921.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mair |first=Victor H. |title=Chinese Lives: The people who made a civilization |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500251928 |location=London |page=215}}</ref> Coincidentally, when Deng's later political fortunes were down and he was sent to work in a tractor factory in 1969 during the Cultural Revolution, he found himself a fitter again and proved to still be a master of the skill.<ref name="sacu.org">[http://www.sacu.org/dengfrance.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127081058/http://sacu.org/dengfrance.html|date=27 November 2010}}, Wang Song. "Chinese Revolutionaries in France".</ref>

In La Garenne-Colombes Deng met future CCP leaders [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]], [[Nie Rongzhen]], [[Li Fuchun]], [[Li Lisan]] and [[Li Weihan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Paul |year=1988 |title=The Chinese Work-Study Movement in France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865 |url-status=live |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=115 |issue=115 |pages=441–461 |doi=10.1017/S030574100002751X |jstor=654865 |s2cid=154375449 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413085436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In June 1923 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe.{{sfnb|Pantsov|2015| p= 450}} In the second half of 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the Youth League in Europe.<ref name=":RedInk">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Ying |title=Red Ink: A History of Printing and Politics in China |publisher=Royal Collins Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781487812737}}</ref>{{Rp|page=35}} In 1926 Deng traveled to the [[Soviet Union]] and studied at [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]], where one of his classmates was [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], the son of [[Chiang Kai-shek]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 March 2002 |title=Exiled son who saved the state |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Times Higher Education]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201132001/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Return to China ===
In late 1927, Deng left Moscow to return to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], where he joined the army of [[Feng Yuxiang]], a military leader in northwest China, who had requested assistance from the [[Soviet Union]] in his struggle with other local leaders in the region. At that time, the [[Soviet Union]], through the [[Comintern]], an international organization supporting the Communist movements, supported the Communists' alliance with the Nationalists of the [[Kuomintang]] ([[Kuomintang|KMT]]) party founded by [[Sun Yat-sen]].

He arrived in [[Xi'an]], the stronghold of [[Feng Yuxiang]], in March 1927. He was part of the [[Fengtian clique]]'s attempt to prevent the break of the alliance between the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] and the Communists.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} This split resulted in part from [[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek's]] forcing them to flee areas controlled by the [[Kuomintang|KMT]]. After the breakup of the alliance between Communists and Nationalists, [[Feng Yuxiang]] stood on the side of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], and the Communists who participated in their army, such as Deng Xiaoping, were forced to flee.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}