Editing Demographics of the Netherlands (section)

==Population==
The [[Netherlands]] is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|69th most populous]] country in the world. As of January 2023, the Netherlands has a population of 17,821,419.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) |author-link=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |date=January 2023 |title=Population counter |url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/dashboard-population/population-counter |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |language=en}}</ref>

Between 1900 and 1950 the population almost doubled from 5.14 to 10.11 million people. From 1950 to 2000 the population increased from 10.11 to 15.92 million people, increasing by a smaller proportion but, still, at an impressive pace for a European country, recording a growth of 57.45% over a 50-year time span.<ref>[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37556ENG&D1=0-44,53-60&D2=1,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,91,101&LA=EN&VW=T CBS Statline - Population; history]. [[Statistics Netherlands]]. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.</ref>

Of countries with at least 7.5 million people, The Netherlands is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density#Most populous countries by density|4th most densely populated]], and is the [[List of countries  and dependencies by population density|33rd most densely populated]] in the world overall. It is the [[Area and population of European countries|5th most densely populated]] country in [[Europe]]; the first four are [[microstate]]s. The 17,821,419 million Dutch inhabitants are concentrated on an area of {{convert|41,543|km2|abbr=on}} including water surface, the land surface being {{convert|33,895|km2|abbr=on}}. This means that the country has a population density of {{convert|526|/km2|abbr=on}}. The density of 500 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup> was reached in the first half of 2014.

As a result of these demographic characteristics, the Netherlands has had to plan its [[land management|land use]] strictly. Since 1946 the [[Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)|Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment]] has been occupied with the national coordination of land use. Because of its high population density the Netherlands has also [[Land reclamation|reclaimed land from the sea]] by [[polder]]ing. Between 1927 and 1968 an entire province - [[Flevoland]] - was created. As of May 2023 it houses 447,193 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Because of these policies, the Dutch have been able to combine high levels of population density with extremely high levels of [[agriculture|agricultural production]].

Even though the Netherlands is so densely populated, it has no municipalities with a population over one million. Nevertheless, the two largest municipalities of the country do score well over a million if the complete city region is counted, thus including the neighbouring satellite towns that often are physically connected to the main municipality. Moreover, the "four big cities" ([[Amsterdam]], [[Rotterdam]], [[The Hague]] and [[Utrecht]]) can in many ways be regarded as a single metropolitan area, the [[Randstad]] (''"rim city"'' or ''"edge city"'') with over 7.5 million inhabitants around an agricultural "green heart" (''[[Groene Hart]]'').

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.<ref name="WPR 2018">{{citation |title=Netherlands Population 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population/ |website=World Population Review}}</ref>

*One birth every 3 minutes
*One death every 4 minutes
*One net migrant every 31 minutes
*Net gain of one person every 11 minutes

{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line

| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 5.1, 5.2, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.7, 9.9, 10, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 11, 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 12, 12.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.7, 12.8, 13, 13.1, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 14, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 15, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 16, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.3, 16.3, 16.4, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 16.7, 16.8, 16.8, 16.9, 17, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6

| y1Title= population

}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= %
| yAxisMax= 2.5
| yAxisMin= -1.0
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| hAnnotatonsLine=0
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.6, 1.5, 1.3,1.6, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 0.7, 1.1, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.4, 1.2, 1.4, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.1, 1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.2, 0.7, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.4, 1.3, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1,1, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5 ,0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.46, 0.46, 0.44, 0.38, 0.4, 0.35, 0.33, 0.36, 0.39, 0.38, 0.42, 0.39, 0.37, 0.37, 0.35, 0.32, 0.3, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.29, 0.27, 0.21, 0.18, 0.21, 0.14, 0.14, 0.11, 0.09, 0.10, 0.00, 0.05, -0,02

| y2 = ,0.01,0.03,-0.04,-0.06,-0.09,-0.12,-0.2,-0.15,-0.25,-0.88,-0.05,-0.29,
-0.11,0.11,0.4,0.42,0.7,-0.94,-0.41,-0.64,-0.17,0.14,0.05,0.04,-0.06,0.02,0.09,-0.04,0.12,-0.1,0.18,0.22,0.19,0.02,-0.06,-0.17,-0.15,-0.18,-0.09,0.01,-0.07,-0.41,-0.64,-0.43,0.21,-0.46,0.17,-0.05,0.01,0.04,-0.01,-0.36,-0.34,-0.25,-0.11,-0.08,-0.17,0.11,0.03,-0.15,-0.02,0.85,-0.02,0.1,0.14,0.15,-0.61,-0.03,0.72,-0.42,0.88,-0.27,0.18,0.19,0.35,0.39,0.14,0.16,0.22,0.33,0.27,0.06,0,0.02,0.06,0.14,0.25,0.21,0.21,0.22,0.33,0.31,0.31,0.2,0.14,0.11,0.17,0.21,0.29,0.29,0.36,0.28,0.11,0,-0.08,-0.14,-0.08,0.09,0.2,0.22,0.2,0.15,0.11,0.15,0.07,0.33,0.49,0.49,0.48,0.72,0.34,0.67

| y1Title=% natural growth
| y2Title=% Crude migration change

}}
<ref>Note: Crude migration change % is a trend analysis, an extrapolation, based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.</ref>
{{GraphChart
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| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= IMR
| yAxisMax= 
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 155.2,149.3,129.9,135.1,136.9,130.9,127.1,111.9,124.8,99.1,107.9,137.2,87.0,91.4,94.8,86.8,84.5,86.8,103.9,94.0,83.3,86.1,77.6,66.8,60.6,58.4,61.1,58.7,52.3,59.0,50.9,49.6,46.3,43.9,42.6,40.0,38.9,38.1,36.5,33.7,39.1,43.6,39.5,40.1,46.3,79.7,38.7,33.5,29.3,26.8,26.7,26.7,
24.1,23.7,22.6,21.6,20.2,18.4,18.5,18.1,17.9,17.0,17.0,15.8,14.8,14.4,14.7,13.4,13.6,13.2,12.7,12.1,11.7,11.5,11.3,10.6,10.7,9.5,9.6,8.7,8.6,8.3,8.3,8.4,8.3,8.0,7.7,7.6,6.8,6.8,7.1,6.5,6.3,6.3,5.6,5.5,5.7,5.0,5.2,5.2,5.1,5.4,5.0,4.8,4.4,4.9,4.4,4.1,3.8,3.8,3.8,3.6,3.7,3.8,3.6,3.3,3.5,3.6,3.5,3.6,3.8

| y1Title= Infant Mortality (per 1000 births)

}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMax= 4.5
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 4.45, 4.53, 4.46, 4.42, 4.38, 4.29, 4.23, 4.18, 4.13, 4.04, 3.94, 3.81, 3.84, 3.85, 3.86, 3.59, 3.64, 3.59, 3.47, 3.36, 3.89, 3.75, 3.54, 3.55, 3.39, 3.26, 3.18, 3.08, 3.09, 3.00, 3.03, 2.88, 2.83, 2.66, 2.63, 2.57, 2.51, 2.53, 2.63, 2.64, 2.67, 2.61, 2.71, 2.98, 3.13, 2.96, 3.97, 3.70, 3.41, 3.22, 3.10, 3.05, 3.09, 3.03, 3.03, 3.03, 3.05, 3.08, 3.11, 3.17, 3.12, 3.22, 3.18, 3.19, 3.17, 3.04, 2.90, 2.81, 2.72, 2.75, 2.57, 2.36, 2.15, 1.90, 1.77, 1.66, 1.63, 1.58, 1.58, 1.56, 1.60, 1.56, 1.50, 1.47, 1.49, 1.51, 1.55, 1.56, 1.55, 1.55, 1.62, 1.61, 1.59, 1.57, 1.57, 1.531, 1.529, 1.562, 1.628, 1.652, 1.723, 1.710, 1.731, 1.747, 1.726, 1.708, 1.720, 1.718, 1.773, 1.790, 1.796, 1.759, 1.723, 1.679, 1.713, 1.658, 1.663, 1.619, 1.586, 1.574, 1.545, 1.624

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate

}}

=== Growth rate ===
0.37% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 168th

=== Fertility ===
{{Main|Ageing of the Netherlands}}
{{Historical populations
|type =
|percentages=pagr
|footnote = Source: [[Our World in Data]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Netherlands Population - Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population?time=0..latest&country=~NLD |website=www.ourworldindata.org |language=en}}</ref> and [[Statistics Netherlands]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter|title=Population counter of the Netherlands|access-date=2019-01-13|archive-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009222717/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1000 | 369000
|1300 | 881000
|1500 | 1090000
|1600 | 1540000
|1700 | 2000000
|1800 | 2000000
|1900 | 5104000
|1910 | 5858000
|1920 | 6754000
|1930 | 7825000
|1940 | 8834000
|1950 | 10026773
|1960 | 11417254
|1970 | 12957621
|1980 | 14091014
|1990 | 14892574
|2000 | 15863950
|2010 | 16574989
|2020 | 17424978
}}

The Dutch population is [[Ageing of the Netherlands|ageing]]. Furthermore, [[life expectancy]] has increased because of developments in [[medicine]], and in addition to this, the Netherlands has seen increasing immigration. Despite these developments combined with the [[population boom]] after the [[Second World War]], the low birth rate has caused extremely low population growth: 2005 saw the lowest absolute population growth since 1900.

This demographic development has consequences for [[health care]] and [[social security]] policy. As the Dutch population ages, the proportion of people of working age, as a percentage of the entire population, decreases. Important policy advisors like the [[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek|CBS]] (Statistical Office) and the [[Centraal Planbureau|CPB]] (Planning Office) have pointed out that this will cause problems with the current system of old age pensions: fewer people will work to pay for old age pensions, while there will be more people receiving those pensions. Furthermore, the costs of health care are also projected to increase. These developments have caused several cabinets, notably the [[Second cabinet Balkenende|second Balkenende cabinet]] to reform the system of health care and social security to increase participation in the labour market and make people more conscious of the money they spend on health care.

In 2003, the annual birth rate per thousand was highest in the province of [[Flevoland]] (15.9). The overall lifelong [[Total fertility rate]] (TFR), was highest in the province of Flevoland (2.0) and lowest in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] (1.6). The municipality with the highest TFR was [[Urk]] (3.23) followed by [[Valkenburg, South Holland|Valkenburg]] (2.83), [[Graafstroom (former municipality)|Graafstroom]] (2.79) and [[Staphorst]] (2.76). The lowest TFRs were recorded in [[Vaals]] (1.11) and [[Thorn, Netherlands|Thorn]] (1.21).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2003/2003-1269-wm.htm|title=Largest families in Urk|first=Statistics|last=Netherlands|website=Cbs.nl|date=September 2003 |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

The total population at December 31, 2006 was 16,356,914. The population loss due to net emigration was 35,502 (an estimated 40-50% of emigrants were ethnic non-Dutch).

In 2007, there were 117,000 immigrants (including 7000 Germans, 6000 Poles, 5000 Bulgarians, 3000 Turks and 2000 Moroccans) and 123,000 emigrants. Nearly half the emigrants were native Dutch, followed at a distance by nearly 5000 Poles and more than 3000 Germans. There was an observable increase in net immigration from the former USSR, [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2008/2008-011-pb.htm|title=Population growth 46 thousand in 2007|first=Statistics|last=Netherlands|website=Cbs.nl|date=15 February 2008 |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

The annual death rate was lowest in the municipalities of Valkenburg (2.9 per 1000), Zeewolde (3.2), Renswoude (3.4), Westervoort and Zeevang (both 3.9). The highest annual death rates were recorded in Warmond (22.3 per 1000), Laren (19.9) and Doorn (18.8).<ref>http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/publicaties/periodieken/bevolkingstrends/archief/2003/2003-k3-b15-pub.htm {{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

16.4% of the total births in 2003 were to parents of non-European origin, although they account for only 12.4% of the population in the 25-34 age group. For example, 3.8% of the births were ethnic Moroccan, although they were only 2.26% of the 25-34 age group. Respective figures were 3.27% and 3.0% for Turks. The TFR for Moroccans in 2003 was 3.3 while the general TFR was 1.73. TFR was 2.3 for [[Turkish people|Turks]], 1.7 for [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]], 1.8 for [[Aruba]]ns, 3.0 for [[African diaspora|Africans]] and 1.8 for [[Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/jointestatunece/info/data/paper_alders.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-30 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070630223717/http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/jointestatunece/info/data/paper_alders.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (These figures compare with a figure of around 2.1 required to maintain a stable overall population figure.)

According to Statistics Netherlands, for the year 2007, the TFR for those born in Netherlands was 1.72<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/A157E464-812A-40CC-8A71-E85FDF3A16B0/0/2008k1b15p55art.pdf|title=Bevolkingsprognose 2007–2014: tijdelijk hogere groei|website=Cbs.nl|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171805/http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/A157E464-812A-40CC-8A71-E85FDF3A16B0/0/2008k1b15p55art.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1.65 in 2000). TFR of Moroccan immigrants was 2.87 (3.22 in 2000) and that of Turkish immigrants was 1.88 (2.18 in 2000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70869|title=Fertility and Religiousness Among European Muslims|author1=Charles F. Westoff|author2=Tomas Frejka|website=Paa2007.princeton.edu|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628150900/http://paa2007.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=70869|archive-date=2007-06-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[total fertility rate]] is the annual average number of children born per woman over her lifespan. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|archive-date=2018-08-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1840!!1841!!1842!!1843!!1844!!1845!!1846!!1847!!1848!!1849!!1850<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.11||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.09||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.02||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.8||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.7||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.68||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.75
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.99||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.01||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.02||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.05||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.09||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.12
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.16||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.27||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.31||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.34||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.42||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.39||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.35
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.32||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.28||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.25||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.21||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.18||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.16||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.14||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.11||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.07
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in the Netherlands||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.97||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.93||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.84||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.6
|}
1.78 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 157th

11.0 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 178th

==== Mother's mean age at first birth ====

:
:29.8 years (2017 est.)

=== Life expectancy ===
[[File:Life expectancy in the Netherlands.svg|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in the Netherlands since 1850]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Netherlands -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in the Netherlands since 1960 by gender]]
Sources: [[Our World In Data]]


{| class="wikitable"
|+Life expectancy in the Netherlands 1850–1950<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810 |access-date=2018-08-28 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
!1850
!1851
!1852
!1853
!1854
!1855
!1856
!1857
!1858
!1859
!1860
|-

|39.8
|40.0
|38.6
|38.6
|38.6
|34.5
|38.8
|35.5
|34.7
|30.9
|36.9
|-
!
!1861
!1862
!1863
!1864
!1865
!1866
!1867
!1868
!1869
!1870
|-
|
|36.4
|38.3
|38.3
|37.5
|36.4
|33.6
|39.2
|37.7
|40.4
|37.3
|-
!
!1871
!1872
!1873
!1874
!1875
!1876
!1877
!1878
!1879
!1880
|-
|
|32.9
|36.5
|39.2
|41.3
|38.2
|40.4
|42.0
|41.1
|41.9
|40.3
|-
!
!1881
!1882
!1883
!1884
!1885
!1886
!1887
!1888
!1889
!1890
|-
|
|42.8
|43.7
|42.3
|41.3
|43.2
|41.9
|44.9
|44.2
|44.3
|44.4
|-
!
!1891
!1892
!1893
!1894
!1895
!1896
!1897
!1898
!1899
!1900
|-
|
|44.2
|43.9
|45.8
|46.9
|46.6
|48.6
|49.4
|49.1
|49.3
|48.4
|-
!
!1901
!1902
!1903
!1904
!1905
!1906
!1907
!1908
!1909
!1910
|-
|
|48.7
|50.6
|51.5
|50.9
|52.1
|52.7
|53.5
|52.7
|54.9
|55.1
|-
!
!1911
!1912
!1913
!1914
!1915
!1916
!1917
!1918
!1919
!1920
|-
|
|53.1
|57.2
|57.3
|57.2
|57.2
|56.2
|55.6
|47.6
|55.0
|57.8
|-
!
!1921
!1922
!1923
!1924
!1925
!1926
!1927
!1928
!1929
!1930
|-
|
|59.7
|59.8
|62.0
|62.9
|63.1
|63.0
|62.6
|63.7
|62.2
|64.7
|-
!
!1931
!1932
!1933
!1934
!1935
!1936
!1937
!1938
!1939
!1940
|-
|
|64.3
|65.4
|66.0
|66.6
|66.5
|66.7
|67.0
|67.4
|67.7
|65.4
|-
!
!1941
!1942
!1943
!1944
!1945
!1946
!1947
!1948
!1949
!1950
|-
|
|65.3
|65.8
|64.4
|61.3
|55.4
|67.6
|69.5
|71.1
|70.3
|71.4
|}

:Total population: 81.9 years (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 30th
:Males: 79.7 years (2020 est.)
:Females: 84.3 years (2020 est.)

=== Age structure ===
[[File:Netherlands from 1950 to 2020 population pyramid over time.gif|thumb|359x359px|Animated population pyramid of the Netherlands: 1950-2020]]
:''0-14 years'': 16.11% (male 1,425,547 /female 1,358,894)
:''15-24 years'': 11.91% (male 1,049.000 /female 1,008,763)
:''25-54 years'': 38.47% (male 3,334,064 /female 3,313,238)
:''55-64 years'': 13.69% (male 1,177,657/female 1,188,613)
:''65 years and over'': 19.82% (male 1,558,241/female 1,866,380) (2020 est.)

==== Median age ====

:
:total: 42.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 32nd
:male: 41.6 years
:female: 44.0 years (2020 est.)

=== Cities and population density ===
{{Largest cities of the Netherlands|Leeuwarden=127,084}}

====Functional urban areas====
[[File:Population density in the Netherlands.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Population density in the Netherlands by [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]]. The largest urban area, the [[Randstad]] is clearly visible along the west coast.]]
"Functional urban areas"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table|title=CBS Statline|website=opendata.cbs.nl}}</ref> are a type of [[urban area]]s with large populations where commuters from nearby areas work in the core area. There are several functional urban areas officially identified in the Netherlands. The largest ones (with populations over 300,000) are listed below, which count the populations of the core city and their "commuting zones".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/Netherlands.pdf|title=Netherlands|website=oecd.org}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
!align=center|[[Larger urban zone|Functional urban areas]]

!align=center|Population <br />(2015)
|-
| [[Amsterdam]]-[[Haarlem]]-[[Almere]]
| align=right|2,751,000
|-
| [[Rotterdam]]-[[Dordrecht]]
| align=right|1,805,000
|-
| [[The Hague]]-[[Delft]]
| align=right|1,052,000
|-
| [[Utrecht]]
| align=right|875,000
|-
| [[Eindhoven]]
| align=right|736,000
|-
| [[Groningen]]
| align=right|474,000
|-
|[[Arnhem]]
| align=right|420,000
|-
| [[Enschede]]
| align="right" |401,000
|-
|[[Breda]]
| align=right|367,000
|-
|[[Zwolle]]
| align=right|350,000
|-
|[[Leiden]]
| align=right|339,000
|-
|[[Nijmegen]]
| align=right|322,000
|-
|[[Tilburg]]
| align=right|310,000
|}