Editing Demographics of Italy (section)

==Historical overview==

===1861 to early 20th century===
{{main|Italian diaspora}}
[[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]]

From [[Unification of Italy|its unification]] in 1861 to the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of [[Italian diaspora]], approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |title=Causes of the Italian mass emigration |publisher=ThinkQuest Library |date=15 August 1999 |access-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015938/http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32&nbsp;million [[Italian Brazilians]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|title=Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015426/http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|title=Italiani in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203232051/http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|archive-date=3 February 2009|language=it}}</ref> Argentina (25&nbsp;million [[Italian Argentines]]),<ref name=LaMatanza>{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina  |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw |archive-date=15 July 2015 |language=es |url-status=dead |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> United States (18&nbsp;million [[Italian Americans]]),<ref name="italianamericanstudies">{{cite web|url=https://www.italianamericanstudies.net/blogs/welcome-to-the-most-italian-place-in-the-united-states-its-in-new-jersey|title=Welcome to the most Italian place in the United States. It's in New Jersey|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> France (5&nbsp;million [[Italians in France|Italian French]]),<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo2RqGdv_wC&pg=PA143 The Cambridge survey of world migration]''". Robin Cohen (1995). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 143. {{ISBN |0-521-44405-5}}</ref> Venezuela (5&nbsp;million [[Italian Venezuelans]]),<ref name="ilgazzettino">{{Cite web|title="Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma"|url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/veneti_venezuela_profughi_fantasma-5025889.html|access-date=14 November 2021|website=www.ilgazzettino.it|date=3 February 2020|language=it}}</ref> Paraguay (2.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Paraguayans]]),<ref name="ABC Color">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/los-italianos-y-su-aporte-a-la-nacion-259396.html|title = Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color}}</ref><ref name="ABC Color2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/nacionalidad-italo-paraguaya-es-un-hecho-segun-embajador-italiano-1758782.html|title=Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana|access-date=29 May 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Última Hora, 37%">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.com/destacan-influencia-migracion-italiana-la-sociedad-paraguaya-n1106382.html|title=Destacan influencia de migración italiana en la sociedad paraguaya|date=7 September 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020|language=es}}</ref> Colombia (2&nbsp;million [[Italian Colombian]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead|language=it}}</ref> Uruguay (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Uruguayans]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelsclick.com/hoteles/UY/Uruguay-DEMOGRAF%C3%ADA-5.html|title=- Uruguay - Info|website=www.hotelsclick.com}}</ref> Peru (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Peruvians]]),<ref name="Embajada de Italia en Perú, 540,000">{{cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/europa/embajador-italia-aca-hay-muchas-oportunidades-empresas-noticia-461242-noticia/ | title=Embajador de Italia en Perú: Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas | date=27 September 2017 | newspaper=El Comercio | access-date=22 December 2019 | last1=Giner Vásquez | first1=Renzo}}</ref> Canada (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Canadians]]),<ref name="Italian Canadians">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2022-10-26|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref> Germany (1.2&nbsp;million [[Italians in Germany|Italian Germans]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Recchi|first1=Ettore|last2=Baglioni|first2=Lorenzo Gabrielli e Lorenzo G.|date=2021-04-16|title=Italiani d'Europa: Quanti sono, dove sono? Una nuova stima sulla base dei profili di Facebook|url=https://www.neodemos.info/2021/04/16/italiani-deuropa-quanti-sono-dove-sono-una-nuova-stima-sulla-base-dei-profili-di-facebook/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Neodemos|language=it-IT}}</ref> and Australia (1&nbsp;million [[Italian Australians]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=ABS Ancestry |year=2012}}</ref> In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African [[Italian colonial empire|colonies]] of [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/rds-01emigrazione.pdf |title=Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]] and [[Italian Libya|Libya]] (150,000 [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italians settled in Libya]], constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization Libya – Italian colonization]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>

=== After World War II ===
[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]

After [[Marshal Tito|Tito]]'s annexation of [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] following the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], up to 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) left [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|communist Yugoslavia]] ([[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11|title=Istria|page=11|author1=Thammy Evans |author2=Rudolf Abraham |year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841624457|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste|author=James M. Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, all of Libya's Italians were expelled after [[Libyan Revolution of 1969|Muammar Gaddafi's takeover]] in 1970.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4380360.stm Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.]. BBC News. 27 October 2005.</ref>

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Corrado |last2=Heins |first2=Frank |last3=Strozza |first3=Salvatore |last4=Vitiello |first4=Mattia |title=Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267773953 |website=ResearchGate.net |publisher=Idea Working Papers |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/149003 |title=La popolazione straniera residente in Italia nel 2014 |language=it |date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)]] |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> However, the long-lasting effects of the [[Eurozone crisis]] [[double-dip recession]] strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caponio |first1=Tiziana |last2=Cappiali |first2=Teresa |title=Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60036/Main_article_Caponio_Cappiali_post-print.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

In calendar years 2020 and 2021, as a direct effect of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]][[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|cron]] hybrid variant, Italy has registered at least 178,000 excess deaths, a reduction of about 1.4 years in the average [[life expectancy]], a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates. Thus, there's a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that{{clarify|date=April 2024}} year, the largest ever recorded since the start of the pandemic. During the first two years of the pandemic, Italy is one of the total number of highest excess deaths from all causes was the highest recorded since [[Italy in World War I|World War I]], [[Spanish flu pandemic]], [[Great Depression]], and [[Italy in World War II|World War II]].<ref name="id2020">{{cite web|access-date=3 May 2021|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici, anno 2020}}</ref>

In November 2022, Italy's birth rate declined to its lowest level on record since 1861, with fewer than 400,000 births recorded that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Italian population keeps shrinking as birth rate hits record low in 2022 |url=https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=tvpworld.com |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122019/https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italian births drop to lowest level since country's unification |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cf234ec0-ce06-4ce4-bd3c-e33f28680005 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population collapse imminent? Italy's birth rate drops to historic low in 2022 |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/population-collapse-imminent-italys-birth-rate-drops-to-historic-low-in-2022-580435 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=WION |date=8 April 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=April 08 |title=Italy's national birth rate declared a national emergency |date=2023-04-08 |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/italys-national-birth-rate-declared-a-national-emergency/video/038ec54e4d96aa6658ea51a0e656789a |access-date=2023-05-10 |language=en |last2=2023 - 5:27pm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italy's Birth Rate Slumps to a Historical Low, Istat Says |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-07/italy-s-birth-rate-slumps-to-a-historical-low-istat-says |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-04-07 |title=Births in Italy hit record low in 2022, population shrinks further |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/births-italy-hit-record-low-2022-population-shrinks-further-2023-04-07/ |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref>