Editing Demographics of Estonia (section)

== Population size and structure==
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | header    = Population decline in Estonia
 | width     = 320
 | image1    = Population of Estonia (1970-2010).png
 | caption1  = Population of Estonia (1970–2010). Data by [[Statistics Estonia]] (2010).<ref name="Population by sex and age group, 1 January">{{cite web
 |title=Population by sex and age group, 1 January
 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis/RV021
 |publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]
 |access-date=2010-03-29
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520140949/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO021&ti=POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+AGE+GROUP%2C+1+JANUARY&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1
 |archive-date=2019-05-20
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
 | image3    = Natural population increase of Estonia (1945-2008).png
 | caption3  = Natural population increase of Estonia from 1945–2008. Data is taken from [[Statistics Estonia]].<ref name="Births, deaths and natural increase">
{{cite web
 |title=Births, deaths and natural increase
 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__demograafilised-pehinaitajad/RV030
 |publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]
 |date=2009-05-12
 |access-date=2009-09-30
}}</ref>
* {{legend|#63aafe|Number of births}}
* {{legend|#dd2d32|Number of deaths}}
* {{legend|#1fb714|Natural population increase}}
 | image4   = External migration of Estonia (2000-2009).png
 | caption4 = External migration of Estonia from 2000–2009. Data is taken from [[Statistics Estonia]].<ref name="Migration">{{cite web
 |title=Migration by administrative unit/type of settlement, sex and type of migration
 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR01
 |publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]
 |date=2010-05-26
 |access-date=2010-08-23
 |archive-date=2021-01-29
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129094447/https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR01
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
* {{legend|#63aafe|Number of immigrants}}
* {{legend|#dd2d32|Number of emigrants}}
* {{legend|#1fb714|Total external migration}}
}}

According to the data of Statistics Estonia, on 1 January 2025, the population of Estonia was '''1,369,995''' '''persons'''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=1,369,995 people: Estonia's population declined {{!}} Statistikaamet |url=https://www.stat.ee/en/news/1369995-people-estonias-population-declined |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Statistics Estonia |language=en}}</ref>  On 1 January 2024, the population of Estonia was '''1,374,687''' persons.<ref name="2024_0101">{{Cite web |title=Estonia's population is increasing due to Ukrainian immigration {{!}} Statistikaamet |url=https://www.stat.ee/en/news/estonias-population-increasing-due-ukrainian-immigration |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.stat.ee |language=en}}</ref>  On 1 January 2023, the population was 1,365,884.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Extraordinary year for population statistics – births at record low, migration at record high {{!}} Statistikaamet |url=https://www.stat.ee/en/news/extraordinary-year-population-statistics-births-record-low-migration-record-high |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.stat.ee |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516062141/https://www.stat.ee/en/news/extraordinary-year-population-statistics-births-record-low-migration-record-high |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990. After 1990, Estonia lost about 15% of its population (230,000 people). The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970.
* 1,331,824 (2021 Population and Housing Census) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population census: Estonia's population and the number of Estonians have grown {{!}} Statistikaamet |url=https://rahvaloendus.ee/en/uudised/rahvaloendus-eesti-rahvaarv-ja-eestlaste-arv-kasvanud |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=rahvaloendus.ee |language=en}}</ref>
* 1,294,455 ([[2011 Estonia Census|2011 Population Count and Housing Census]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=1,294,455 permanent residents enumerated in the census|url=http://vana.stat.ee/67162?parent_id=39113|work=12 December 2012|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205020730/https://vana.stat.ee/67162?parent_id=39113|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* 1,370,052 (2000 Population Count and Housing Census) <ref>{{cite web|title=General information|url=http://vana.stat.ee/26262|work=Update 10 January 2008|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205033456/https://vana.stat.ee/26262|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants.

Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bnn-news.com/estonian-population-growth-continues-in-2019-due-to-immigration-209512#:~:text=The%20factor%20behind%20population%20growth,for%20the%20past%20five%20years.| title = Estonian population growth continues in 2019 due to immigration| date = 17 January 2020}}</ref> The population mainly increased as a result of net immigration of European Union citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=The population increase was influenced by external migration|url=https://vana.stat.ee/277564|work=4 May 2016|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=14 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Citizens of Russia and Ukraine made up the bulk of non-EU immigration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.err.ee/v/news/6fd202ac-0170-4919-a52d-f576a5525517/immigration-exceeds-emigration-in-estonia-for-first-time-since-reindependence|title=Immigration exceeds emigration in Estonia for first time since reindependence|date=23 May 2016|publisher=[[Eesti Rahvusringhääling|ERR]]|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> The increase was detected through methodological changes in data collection. Initially a population decrease had been reported.<ref>{{cite web|title=The population of Estonia decreased last year|url=https://vana.stat.ee/277478|work=15 January 2016|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=14 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 500
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle =year
| yAxisTitle = million
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021, 2022, 2023

| y1 = 1.2,1.19,1.15,1.12,1.09,1.06,1.07,1.09,1.1,1.11,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.13,1.13,1.13,1.13,1.13,1.13,1.1,1.04,1.02,1.01,0.99,0.88,0.93,0.98,1.03,1.07,1.1,1.11,1.13,1.14,1.15,1.16,1.17,1.18,1.19,1.2,1.22,1.23,1.24,1.26,1.28,1.29,1.3,1.31,1.33,1.35,1.36,1.38,1.39,1.41,1.42,1.43,1.44,1.45,1.46,1.47,1.48,1.49,1.5,1.51,1.52,1.53,1.54,1.55,1.56,1.57,1.57,1.56,1.53,1.49,1.46,1.44,1.42,1.4,1.39,1.38,1.4,1.39,1.38,1.37,1.36,1.36,1.35,1.34,1.34,1.34,1.33,1.33,1.323, 1.318, 1.314, 1.313, 1.316, 1.317, 1.322, 1.327, 1.329, 1.331, 1.331, 1.335, 1,358

| y1Title = population (million)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 500
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| yAxisMin = -30
| yAxisMax = 30
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| hAnnotatonsLine = 0
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021, 2022

|y1 = 5.0, 2.4, -3.6, -8.0, -10.0, -9.7, -1.6, 4.5, 3.5, 5.1, 4.1, 3.4, 1.7, 0.4, 2.0, -1.0, 2.6, 1.3, 2.8, 1.5, 1.3, 0.9, 0.6, 1.4, 1.7, 1.2, -0.6, -4.0, -1.0, -2.1 , -9.6, -6.5, -0.6, 1.3, 4.1, 4.7, 4.1, 4.8, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0, 6.2, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 6.1, 5.9, 5.2, 4.8, 5.4, 4.2, 3.7, 3.8, 4.2, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1, 4.5, 4.0, 4.3, 3.4, 3.1, 3.4, 2.8, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.5, 4.0, 3.4, 2.8, 4.0, 4.4, 4.2, 3.7, 1.8, -0.2, -1.4, -4.0, -5.5, -5.1, -4.1, -4.3, -5.3, -4.4, -3.8, -4.2, -3.9, -3.7, -2.7, -2.2, -1.8, -1.2, -0.5, -0.2, -0.0, -0.4, -1.1, -1.3, -1.5, -1.0, -1.0, -1.3, -1.0, -1.0, -2.0, -4.0, -4.2

|y2 =,-10,-25.9,-22.3,-21.3,-11,5.4,12.9,10.1,3,0.4,-2.5,-1.7,-1.2,-2,1,-2.6,0.5,0.8,0.2,0.5,1.7,0.3,-0.5,0,-5.7,-28.6,-45.9,-25.5,-8.8,-6.5,-119.7,53.4,48.9,43.6,40,20.5,6.8,6,5.5,3.5,3.3,3.5,3,3.7,3.5,4.6,4.7,6.1,7.1,8.7,7.4,5.5,4.6,5.6,9.2,6.3,7.2,7,5.2,4.2,4.3,4.5,3.5,4.1,2.8,3.4,4.3,3.2,3.3,3.2,3.7,3.2,3.3,2.2,0.1,-1.1,-4.9,-16.9,-22.1,-15.7,-13,-10.8,-7.1,-4.8,-2.9,18.9,-2.2,-2.6,-2.1,-3.2,-3.7,-4.1,-3.3,-2.5,-1.3,-2.3,-3.3,-2,-2.5,-1.6,1,2.5,2.1,4.8,4.7,3.5,5.5,14.6

| y1Title = Natural change (per 1000)
| y2Title = Crude migration change (per 1000)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 270
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1 = 1.95, 1.97, 1.95, 1.91, 1.94, 1.90, 1.85, 1.86, 2.03, 2.11, 2.16, 2.19, 2.14, 2.07, 2.07, 2.04, 2.06, 2.06, 2.02, 2.01, 2.02, 2.07, 2.08, 2.16, 2.17, 2.12, 2.17, 2.26, 2.26, 2.22, 2.05, 1.80, 1.71, 1.49, 1.42, 1.38, 1.37, 1.32, 1.28, 1.32, 1.35, 1.31,  1.36, 1.36, 1.47, 1.52, 1.58, 1.69, 1.72, 1.70, 1.72, 1.61, 1.56, 1.52, 1.54, 1.58, 1.60, 1.59, 1.67, 1.66, 1.58, 1.61

| y1Title = Total fertility rate
}}

===Structure of the population===

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021): <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 630 081
| align="right" | 699 398 
| align="right" | 1 329 479
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 36 496
| align="right" | 34 282
| align="right" | 70 778
| align="right" | 5.32
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 36 943 
| align="right" | 35 192
| align="right" | 72 135
| align="right" | 5.43
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 38 862
| align="right" | 36 812
| align="right" | 75 674 
| align="right" | 5.69
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 32 557
| align="right" | 31 056
| align="right" | 63 613
| align="right" | 4.78
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 32 304
| align="right" | 30 481 
| align="right" | 62 785
| align="right" | 4.72
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 41 090
| align="right" | 37 598
| align="right" | 78 688
| align="right" | 5.92
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 53 536
| align="right" | 47 937 
| align="right" | 101 473
| align="right" | 7.63
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 49 887
| align="right" | 46 058
| align="right" | 95 945
| align="right" | 7.22
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 47 106
| align="right" | 44 160
| align="right" | 91 266
| align="right" | 6.86
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 46 552
| align="right" | 45 084
| align="right" | 91 636
| align="right" | 6.89
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 41 680
| align="right" | 42 995
| align="right" | 84 675
| align="right" | 6.37
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 41 167
| align="right" | 45 436
| align="right" | 86 603
| align="right" | 6.51
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 38 495
| align="right" | 47 293
| align="right" | 85 788 
| align="right" | 6.45
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 32 536
| align="right" | 45 680 
| align="right" | 78 216
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 24 568
| align="right" | 39 996
| align="right" | 64 564
| align="right" | 4.86
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 16 040
| align="right" | 31 412
| align="right" | 47 452
| align="right" | 3.57
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 12 326
| align="right" | 30 478
| align="right" | 42 804
| align="right" | 3.22
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 5 683
| align="right" | 17 620
| align="right" | 23 303
| align="right" | 1.75
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 1 960
| align="right" | 7 968
| align="right" | 9 928
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 278
| align="right" | 1 724
| align="right" | 2 002
| align="right" | 0.15
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 15
| align="right" | 136
| align="right" | 151
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 112 301
| align="right" | 106 286
| align="right" | 218 587
| align="right" | 16.44
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 424 374
| align="right" | 418 098
| align="right" | 842 472
| align="right" | 63.37
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 93 406
| align="right" | 175 014
| align="right" | 268 420
| align="right" | 20.19
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

[[File:Age structure of Estonia (1970-2010).png|thumb|320px|Age structure of Estonia from 1970 to 2010. Data is taken from [[Statistics Estonia]].<ref name="Population by sex and age group, 1 January"/>
{{legend|#63aafe|Age: 0–14}}
{{legend|#dd2d32|Age: 15–64}}
{{legend|#fff58c|Age: 65+}}]]
Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older.<ref name="Population by sex and age group, 1 January"/> Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009. The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009.