Editing Democrats 66 (section)

== History ==
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| footer = Founders [[Hans van Mierlo]] and [[Hans Gruijters]]
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=== Early years (1966–1986) ===
Democrats 66 was founded on 14 October 1966 by a group of 44 people. Its founders were described as ''[[Novus homo|homines novi]]'', although 25 of the 44 had previously been members of another political party. The initiators were [[Hans van Mierlo]], a journalist for the ''[[Algemeen Handelsblad]]'', and [[Hans Gruijters]], a [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal councillor]] in Amsterdam for the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD). Van Mierlo became the party's political leader. The foundation of the party was preceded by the "Appeal 1966" on 10 October, in which the founders appealed to the people of the Netherlands to re-take their democratic institutions. The party renounced the 19th-century political ideologies, which dominated the political system and sought to end [[pillarisation]]. It called for radical democratisation of the Dutch political system, and for [[pragmatism|pragmatic]] and [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|scientific]] policy-making.

[[File:H.A.F.M.O. van Mierlo, minister van Defensie.jpg|thumb|left|185px|[[Hans van Mierlo]], co-founder and leader between 1966–1973 and 1986–1998]]
The party participated in the [[1967 Dutch general election|1967 general election]], with Hans van Mierlo as its [[lead candidate]]. The party won an unprecedented seven seats in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]. In the [[1971 Dutch general election|1971 general election]], the party won an additional four seats and it formed a [[Shadow Cabinet|shadow cabinet]] with the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA) and the [[Political Party of Radicals]] (PPR). In the [[1972 Dutch general election|1972 general election]], the three parties formed a [[political alliance]] called the "Progressive Agreement" ({{Langx|nl|Progressief Akkoord}}; PAK) and presented the common electoral program "Turning Point '72" (''Keerpunt '72'').

In the election, D66 lost nearly half its seats, leaving only six. The alliance became the largest political force in the country, but it did not gain a majority. After long cabinet formation talks, the three PAK-parties formed an [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|extra-parliamentary cabinet]] joined by [[Progressivism|progressive]] members of the [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] (ARP) and the [[Catholic People's Party]] (KVP). The cabinet was led by Labour politician [[Joop den Uyl]]. Co-founder Hans Gruijters became Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning. After the formation talks, Van Mierlo left politics, feeling that his political position within the parliamentary party was untenable. Van Mierlo was replaced by [[Jan Terlouw]], who became the new [[Parliamentary group leader|parliamentary leader]].

[[File:Jan Terlouw 1981 (1).jpg|thumb|right|185px|[[Jan Terlouw]], leader from 1973 to 1982]]
In the period 1972–1974, the party lost a dramatic number of members (from 6,000 to 300) and polled very poorly in the [[1974 Dutch provincial elections|1974 provincial elections]]. The party also lost half of its senators in the [[1974 Dutch Senate election|1974 Senate election]]. At one of the party congresses, a [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]] was put forth to abolish the party. A majority of the members voted in favour, but the two-thirds majority was not reached. In reaction, Terlouw started a campaign to revitalise the party, involving a membership drive and a [[petition]] to the electorate. He emphasised issues other than democratic reform and gave the party a more [[liberalism|liberal]] orientation. The party doubled its membership in 1975 and won two additional seats in the [[1977 Dutch general election|1977 general election]], despite losing all its seats in the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]] in the same year.

In the [[1981 Dutch general election|1981 general election]], D66 gained 17 seats. The party formed a government with the Labour Party and the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA), with Terlouw as [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]]. The cabinet was characterised by the personal and ideological conflicts between Prime Minister [[Dries van Agt]] (CDA) and [[List of Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Social Affairs]] Joop den Uyl (PvdA). The cabinet fell nine months after it was formed, when the Labour Party left the cabinet. D66 and the CDA continued to govern in a [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|caretaker government]]. In the subsequent [[1982 Dutch general election|1982 general election]], D66 lost two-thirds of its support, and was left with only 6 seats. After the election, Terlouw left politics and was replaced by [[Maarten Engwirda]]. The party was confined to [[opposition (politics)|opposition]].

=== Purple cabinets and demise (1986–2006) ===
In 1986, Van Mierlo returned to politics. He emphasised democratic reform as the core issue of the party and wanted to end the polarisation between the Labour Party and VVD, so that it would be possible to form a government without the CDA. He led the party in the [[1986 Dutch general election|1986 general election]] and won nine seats. In the [[1989 Dutch general election|1989 election]], the party won 12 seats and was asked to join the formation talks of a CDA–PvdA–D66 coalition. While the PvdA preferred to form a government ''with'' D66, the CDA did not. Ultimately, D66 was excluded from the coalition, because it was not necessary to include them to reach a majority in parliament.

Despite being in opposition, D66 adopted a constructive approach towards the government. They were rewarded for this in the [[1994 Dutch general election|1994 general election]], in which the party doubled its number of seats to 24. D66 was able to form its preferred coalition: the "[[Purple (government)|purple government]]", which included both the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] PvdA and the [[conservative liberalism|conservative liberal]] VVD. Van Mierlo was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. As advocated by D66, the [[first Kok cabinet]] initiated progressive legislation, such as the introduction of [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|same-sex marriage]] and the legalisation of [[euthanasia]]. The moderately [[economic liberalism|liberal economic]] policies of the cabinet were also seen as a great success.

[[File:Els Borst februari 2002.jpg|thumb|right|185px|[[Els Borst]], top candidate in the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]]]]
Shortly before the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]], Van Mierlo stepped back and Minister of Health [[Els Borst]] became the new top candidate. D66 lost ten seats in the election, while its coalition partners gained ground at the cost of D66. The [[second Kok cabinet]] continued. Although D66 was technically not needed for a majority in parliament, it was seen as the glue that kept the PvdA and the VVD together. Borst stepped down as party leader and became [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] and Minister of Health. [[Thom de Graaf]] led the party in the House of Representatives. From within the party, there were calls for a more explicit progressive liberal course. In 1999, a constitutional reform that would allow for [[referendum]]s to be held was rejected by the Senate, because a group of VVD dissidents had voted against it. In response, D66 left the cabinet. After the subsequent formation talks, D66 returned to the cabinet in return for a temporary referendum law and directly elected mayors.

In the [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 general election]], the tide had turned against the purple government, and the right-wing populist [[Pim Fortuyn List]] (LPF) gained considerable ground. The three purple parties lost an unprecedented 43 seats. D66 was left with only seven seats. The [[first Balkenende cabinet]], consisting of CDA, LPF and VVD, lasted only three months. In the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general election]], D66 lost another seat, leaving only 6. De Graaf stepped down and was succeeded by [[Boris Dittrich]]. After long formation talks between the CDA and the PvdA failed, a [[second Balkenende cabinet]] was formed, which included the CDA, the VVD and D66.

In return for investments in environment and education, and a special Minister for Governmental Reform, D66 supported the [[centre-right]] reform cabinet and some of its more controversial legislation. In May 2005, the Senate rejected a constitutional reform that would allow a directly elected mayor. The legislation had been introduced by the [[second Kok cabinet]], but it was unable to get a two-thirds majority because the Labour Party was opposed the electoral system proposed by Minister for Governmental Reform Thom de Graaf. De Graaf resigned, but the rest of the ministers retained their positions as D66 was promised more investment in public education and the environment. A special party congress was called to ratify this so-called "Easter Agreement" (''Paasakkoord''). 2,600 members (20 per cent of total membership) were present and the congress was broadcast live on television. The congress agreed to remain in cabinet by a large majority. [[Alexander Pechtold]] replaced De Graaf as Minister for Governmental Reform. [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]], the Minister of Economic Affairs, became [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]].

[[File:Alexander-pechtold (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|185px|[[Alexander Pechtold]], leader from 2006 to 2018]]

=== Pechtold leadership (2006–2016) ===
In February 2006, Dittrich stepped down as parliamentary leader, because he did not agree with the government's decision to send the Dutch armed forces to the southern province of [[Uruzgan]] in [[Afghanistan]]. D66 voted against the government's proposal together with the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] and [[GroenLinks]]. Dittrich stated that the mission to send troops was not a reconstruction mission (as the government and the majority of the Dutch parliament claimed), but a military operation. [[Lousewies van der Laan]] replaced Dittrich. In May 2006, D66 polled particularly badly in the [[2006 Dutch municipal elections|2006 municipal election]]s. D66 began to lose a considerable number of members, some of whom founded [[deZES]], another radical democratic, progressive liberal party. During a special party congress on 13 May 2006, a motion was put forth demanding the withdrawal of D66 from the cabinet, but it was rejected. In June 2006, an [[2006 Democrats 66 leadership election|internal election]] was held in order to choose the new party leader. The election was won by [[Alexander Pechtold]].

During the special parliamentary debate on the [[Naturalization|naturalisation process]] of [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], D66 supported a [[motion of no confidence]] against Minister for Integration [[Rita Verdonk]]. As D66 was a junior coalition partner, this caused a crisis in the [[Netherlands cabinet Balkenende-2|second Balkenende cabinet]]. The cabinet refused to remove Verdonk from her position. Lousewies van der Laan, parliamentary leader of D66, felt that the D66 faction could no longer support the cabinet and stated that the cabinet had to resign. On 3 July 2006, the two D66 ministers [[Alexander Pechtold]] and [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]] resigned, causing the [[second Balkenende cabinet]] to fall.

In October 2006, just before the D66 party congress and its 40th anniversary as a party, D66 founder [[Hans van Mierlo]] asked the question whether D66 still had political legitimacy. He believed that many errors were made in recent history and that only the acceptance of these errors could provide for any credibility for D66. Van Mierlo declared his support for party leader Pechtold, who in his view could provide for such credibility.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oprichter van Mierlo: heeft D66 nog zin?|publisher=[[Het Parool]]|date=2006-10-06}}</ref>

[[File:Portretfoto Sigrid Kaag 2018 01 (crop).jpg|thumb|right|185px|[[Sigrid Kaag]], leader from 2020 to 2023]]
Since 2008, the party has performed quite well in the [[opinion poll]]s, ranging from 10 to 26 seats, compared to only 3 seats in the House of Representatives.<ref>[https://n10.noties.nl/peil.nl/ Politieke Voorkeur sinds augustus 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162442/https://n10.noties.nl/peil.nl/ |date=24 July 2011 }} on peil.nl</ref><ref>[http://www.politiekebarometer.nl/Polbarhistorie.htm Trends sinds de laatste tweede kamer verkiezing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714011154/http://www.politiekebarometer.nl/Polbarhistorie.htm |date=14 July 2009 }} on politieke barometer.nl</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} [https://n7.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&f=voorkeur.jpg&cache=0 "Politieke Voorkeur sinds Januari 2009,"] Peil.nl (24 January 2010) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162545/https://n7.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&f=voorkeur.jpg&cache=0 |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> In the [[2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2009 European Parliament election]], the party won 11% of the votes and 3 seats, two more than in the previous election. The news programme [[Nova (Dutch TV series)|Nova]] attributed this increase to the leadership of Alexander Pechtold, who was considered "the leader of the opposition" at the time.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [https://archive.today/20120905224659/http://www.novatv.nl/page/detail/uitzendingen/5975/'Alexander+Pechtold+is+d%E9+oppositieleider+van+dit+moment'  "Alexander Pechtold is dé oppositieleider van dit moment,"] Hanneke van der Werf and Nynke de Zoeten, ''Nova: Den Haag Vandaag'' (19 April 2008)</ref> Under the leadership of Pechtold, the party has taken strong stances against the [[Party for Freedom]] (PVV) of [[Geert Wilders]].<ref name="intermediair">{{in lang|nl}} Hugo Logtenberg, [http://www.intermediair.nl/artikel/branches-rijksoverheid/59710/alexander-pechtold-ik-heb-meer-dan-ooit-criticasters-nodig.html "Alexander Pechtold: Ik heb meer dan ooit criticasters nodig"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223235443/http://www.intermediair.nl/artikel/branches-rijksoverheid/59710/alexander-pechtold-ik-heb-meer-dan-ooit-criticasters-nodig.html |date=23 February 2012 }} on ''intermediair.nl'' (2 April 2008)</ref> In the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010 general election]], D66 increased its representation to 10 seats. In the [[2012 Dutch general election|2012 general election]], the party further increased its number of seats to 12. Since 2008, the party has experienced a significant increase in party membership, from 10,000 to 25,000 in 2015.

In the [[2017 Dutch general election|2017 general election]], D66 won 19 seats in the House of Representatives and formed a centre-right [[coalition government]] with the VVD, CDA and [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] (CU). [[Kajsa Ollongren]] was appointed second Deputy Prime Minister in the [[third Rutte cabinet]].

=== Kaag and Jetten leadership (2018–present) ===
In October 2018, Alexander Pechtold announced his retirement from politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Pechtold weg als partijleider, vertrekt dinsdag uit Kamer |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2253630-alexander-pechtold-weg-als-partijleider-vertrekt-dinsdag-uit-kamer.html |website=NOS |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=nl |date=6 October 2018}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Rob Jetten]] as parliamentary leader, but the position of party leader remained vacant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rob Jetten nieuwe fractievoorzitter D66 |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2254034-rob-jetten-nieuwe-fractievoorzitter-d66.html |website=NOS |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=nl |date=9 October 2018}}</ref> In September 2020, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation [[Sigrid Kaag]] was elected the new party leader and top candidate for the [[2021 Dutch general election|2021 general election]].<ref name="Kaag" /> Despite the fact that the opinion polls had predicted D66 to lose seats, the party won 24 seats in the 2021 election, becoming the second largest party in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zo dichtbij zaten de peilingen bij de werkelijke uitslag van de verkiezingen |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5220541/d66-onderschat-pvv-overschat-de-peilingen |website=RTL Nieuws |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=nl |date=18 March 2021}}</ref> On 12 August 2023 Rob Jetten became the leader of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=Nieuwe D66-leider Jetten wil 'de mensen opzoeken' |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2486391-nieuwe-d66-leider-jetten-wil-de-mensen-opzoeken |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Following the [[2023 Dutch general election]] D66 lost more seats than any party, being reduced from 24 to 9, their worst result in 17 years.