Editing December 19 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
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*[[1154]] &ndash; [[Henry II of England]] is crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Public Record Office|title=Syllabus (in English) of the Documents Relating to England and Other Kingdoms: 1066-1377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCOtneGsnPkC&pg=PR152-IA3|year=1869|publisher=Longmans, Green|pages=152}}</ref>
*[[1187]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement III]] is elected.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kenrick|first=Francis Patrick|title=The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated|location=Philadelphia|publisher=M. Fithian|date=1845|oclc=1064609490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuNhAAAAcAAJ|page=485}}</ref>
*[[1490]] &ndash; [[Anne of Brittany|Anne, Duchess of Brittany]], is married to [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[proxy marriage|proxy]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wellman|first=Kathleen Anne|title=Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France|location=New Haven, Conn.|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2013 |isbn=9780300178852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AtUPUB6znMC|page=70}}</ref>
*[[1562]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Dreux]] takes place during the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Great Britain. Public Record Office|author2=Arthur John Butler|author3=Sophia Crawford Lomes|author4=Allen Banks Hinds|title=Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth: Preserved in the Public Record Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmjSAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=569}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1606]] &ndash; The ships {{ship||Susan Constant}}, {{ship||Godspeed|ship|2}}, and {{ship||Discovery|1602 ship|2}} depart England carrying settlers who founded, at [[Jamestown, Virginia]], the first of the [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen colonies]] that became the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Old Dominion Society (New York, N.Y.)|author2=George William Summers|title=First Celebration of the Anniversary of the Settlement at Jamestown, Va., on the 13th of May, 1607|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1EAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12|year=1860|publisher=Pudney & Russell, printers|pages=12}}</ref>
*[[1675]] &ndash; The [[Great Swamp Fight]], a pivotal battle in [[King Philip's War]], gives the English settlers a bitterly won victory.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wakefield|first=Robert S.|title=Plymouth Colony Casualties in King Philip's War|journal=The American Genealogist|date=1984|pages=238–239}}</ref>
*[[1776]] &ndash; [[Thomas Paine]] publishes one of a series of pamphlets in ''[[The Pennsylvania Journal]]'' entitled "[[The American Crisis]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Keane|first=John|title=Tom Paine: A Political Life|location=New York|publisher=Grove Press|date=1995|isbn=9780802139641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4-I0O4n5jsC|page=576, fn. 11}}</ref>
*[[1777]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]] goes into winter quarters at [[Valley Forge|Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=John B.B.|title=Birthplace of an Army: A Study of the Valley Forge Encampment|location=Harrisburg, Pa.|publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission|date=1976|oclc=3538099|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.39000003345225|page=iii|hdl=2027/inu.39000003345225}}</ref>
*[[1783]] &ndash; [[William Pitt the Younger]] becomes the youngest [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] at 24.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/william-pitt William Pitt 'The Younger'][https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1584988189827235855]</ref>
*[[1793]] &ndash; [[War of the First Coalition]]: The [[Siege of Toulon]] ends when [[Napoleon]]'s French artillery forces the British to abandon the city, securing southern France from invasion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Toulon 1793 : Napoleon's first great victory|first1=Robert|last1=Forczyk|first2=Adam|last2=Hook|date=2005|isbn=978-184603-674-3}}</ref>
*[[1796]] &ndash; [[French Revolutionary Wars]]: Two British frigates under Commodore [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] and two Spanish frigates under Commodore Don Jacobo Stuart [[Action of 19 December 1796|engage in battle]] off the coast of [[Murcia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Horatio Nelson Nelson (Viscount)|title=The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson with Notes by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas: 1795 to 1797. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA321|year=1845|publisher=Henry Colburn|pages=321}}</ref>
*[[1828]] &ndash; [[Vice President of the United States]] [[John C. Calhoun]] sparks the [[Nullification Crisis]] when he anonymously publishes the ''[[South Carolina Exposition and Protest]]'', protesting the [[Tariff of 1828]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Courtney|chapter=Volume II Chronology|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Courtney|title=American History Through Its Greatest Speeches: A Documentary History of the United States. Vol. 2: The 19th Century|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2017|isbn=9781610699693|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-R6ZDQAAQBAJ|page=xxiii}}</ref>
*[[1900]] &ndash; [[Hopetoun Blunder]]: The first [[Governor-General of Australia]] [[John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun]], appoints Sir [[William Lyne]] premier of the new state of [[New South Wales]], but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government and is forced to resign.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Carroll|title=Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8PUBuw4idYC&pg=PA23|year=2004|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited|isbn=978-1-877058-22-6|pages=23}}</ref>
*  1900   &ndash; French parliament votes amnesty for all involved in scandalous army treason trial known as [[Dreyfus affair]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1987|page=22|isbn=0-942191-01-3}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1907]] &ndash; Two hundred thirty-nine coal miners die in the [[Darr Mine disaster|Darr Mine Disaster]] in [[Jacobs Creek (Pennsylvania)|Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania]].
*[[1912]] &ndash; William Van Schaick, captain of the [[Steamboat|steamship]] {{PS|General Slocum||2}} which caught fire and killed over one thousand people, is pardoned by U.S. President [[William Howard Taft]] after {{frac|3|1|2}} years in [[Sing Sing]] prison.
*[[1920]] &ndash; [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] is restored as [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|King of the Hellenes]] after the death of his son [[Alexander of Greece]] and a [[Referendum|plebiscite]].
*[[1924]] &ndash; The last [[Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost]] is sold in London, England.
*  1924   &ndash; German serial killer [[Fritz Haarmann]] is sentenced to death for a series of murders.
*[[1927]] &ndash; Three Indian revolutionaries, [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Roshan Singh]] and [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], are executed by the [[British Raj]] for participation in the [[Kakori conspiracy]].
*[[1929]] &ndash; The [[Indian National Congress]] promulgates the [[Purna Swaraj]] (the Declaration of the Independence of India).
*[[1932]] &ndash; [[BBC World Service]] begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service.
*[[1940]] &ndash; [[Risto Ryti]], the [[Prime Minister of Finland]],  is elected [[President of the Republic of Finland]] in a [[1940 Finnish presidential election|presidential election]], which is exceptionally held by the [[1937 Finnish presidential election|1937 electoral college]].<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p. 628. {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref><ref>Antti Laine (2003) "Finland At War" (Suomi sodassa), p. 705-707 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / ''Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen''. Helsinki:  WSOY. (in Finnish)</ref>
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] appoints himself as head of the ''[[Oberkommando des Heeres]]''.
*  1941   &ndash; World War II: [[Limpet mine]]s placed by [[Italian Navy|Italian]] divers heavily damage {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}} and {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} in [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria harbour]].
*  1941   &ndash; Twenty-eight men die when [[German submarine U-574]], is struck by [[HMS Stork (L81)]], commanded by Captain [[Frederic John Walker]] of [[Royal Navy]], off [[Ponta Delgada (Azores)|Punta Delgada]], as also by [[depth charge]]s.<ref>[https://uboat.net/boats/u574.htm German submarine U-574]</ref>
*[[1945]] &ndash; [[John Amery]], British [[Fascism|Fascist]], is executed at the age of 33 by the British Government for treason.
*[[1946]] &ndash; Start of the [[First Indochina War]].
*[[1956]] &ndash; Irish-born physician [[John Bodkin Adams]] is arrested in connection with the suspicious deaths of more than 160 patients. Eventually he is convicted only of minor charges.
*[[1961]] &ndash; India [[Annexation of Goa|annexes]] [[Daman and Diu]], part of [[Portuguese India]].
*[[1967]] &ndash; [[Harold Holt]], the [[Prime Minister of Australia]], is [[Declared death in absentia|officially presumed dead]].
*[[1972]] &ndash; [[Apollo program]]: The last crewed lunar flight, [[Apollo 17]], carrying [[Eugene Cernan]], [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]], and [[Harrison Schmitt]], returns to [[Earth]].
*[[1974]] &ndash; [[Nelson Rockefeller]] is sworn in as [[Vice President of the United States]] under President [[Gerald Ford]] under the provisions of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
*[[1977]] &ndash; The {{M|s}} 5.8 [[1977 Bob–Tangol earthquake|Bob–Tangol earthquake]] strikes Kerman Province in Iran, destroying villages and killing 665 people.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Ambraseys |first1= N.N. |authorlink1=Nicholas Ambraseys |last2=Arsovski |first2= M. |last3=Moinfar |first3= A.A.|title=The Gisk earthquake of 19 December 1977 and the seismicity of the Kuhbanan fault-zone: Iran |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1979 |pages= 47 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000036434 }}</ref>
*[[1981]] &ndash; Sixteen lives are lost when the [[Penlee lifeboat disaster|Penlee lifeboat]] goes to the aid of the stricken coaster Union Star in heavy seas.
*[[1983]] &ndash; The original [[FIFA World Cup]] trophy, the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy#Jules Rimet Trophy|Jules Rimet Trophy]], is stolen from the headquarters of the [[Brazilian Football Confederation]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.
*[[1984]] &ndash; The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], stating that China would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and the United Kingdom would restore Hong Kong to China with effect from July 1, 1997, is signed in Beijing by [[Deng Xiaoping]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]].
*[[1985]] &ndash; [[Aeroflot Flight 101/435]] is hijacked to China by its first officer.<ref name="Iams">{{Cite news |last=Iams |first=John |date=26 December 1985 |title=Soviets confirm hijack of Aeroflot plane to China |pages=7 |work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |agency=[[United Press International]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114752302/the-sacramento-bee/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*[[1986]] &ndash; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], leader of the [[Soviet Union]], releases [[Andrei Sakharov]] and his wife from [[exile]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]].
*[[1995]] &ndash; The United States Government restores federal recognition to the [[Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi]] Native American tribe.
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[SilkAir Flight 185]] crashes into the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]], near [[Palembang]] in [[Indonesia]], killing 104.
*[[1998]] &ndash; President [[Bill Clinton]] is [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|impeached]] by the [[United States House of Representatives]], becoming the second president of the United States to be [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeached]].
*[[1999]] &ndash; [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] is launched on [[STS-103]], the third [[Hubble Space Telescope]] servicing mission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harwood |first1=William |date=19 December 1999 |title=Discovery finally rockets into orbit |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/STS-103_Archive.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024435/http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/STS-103_Archive.txt |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=CBS News |format=TXT}}</ref>
*[[2000]] &ndash; The Leninist Guerrilla Units wing of the [[Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist]] attack a [[Nationalist Movement Party]] office in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], killing one person and injuring three.
*[[2001]] &ndash; A record high [[Atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] of {{convert|1085.6|hPa|inHg|lk=on}} is recorded at [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl]], [[Mongolia]].
*  2001   &ndash; [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|Argentine economic crisis]]: [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|December riots]]: Riots erupt in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].
*  [[2005]] &ndash; [[Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101]] crashes into the [[Government Cut]] channel immediately after takeoff from [[Miami Seaplane Base]], killing 20.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ovalle |first1=David |last2=Fantz |first2=Ashley |last3=Matthew I. |first3=Pinzur |date=December 20, 2005 |title=Port to reopen as investigation begins into Chalk's plane crash |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/13449191.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223130715/http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/13449191.htm |archive-date=2005-12-23}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; [[Park Geun-hye]] [[2012 South Korean presidential election|is elected]] the first female [[president of South Korea]].
*[[2013]] &ndash; Spacecraft ''[[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia]]'' is launched by the [[European Space Agency]].
*[[2016]] &ndash; Russian ambassador to Turkey [[Andrei Karlov]] is [[Assassination of Andrei Karlov|assassinated]] while at an art exhibition in [[Ankara]]. The assassin, Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, is shot and killed by a Turkish guard. 
*  2016   &ndash; [[2016 Berlin truck attack|A vehicular attack]] in Berlin, Germany, kills 12 and injures 56 people at a [[Christmas market]].
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