Editing December 13 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[1294]] &ndash; [[Pope Celestine V|Saint Celestine V]] [[papal resignation|resigns]] the [[Pope|papacy]] after only five months to return to his previous life as an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Townsend|first=George|title=Ecclesiastical and Civil History, Philosophically Considered. Volume 2|location=London|publisher=Francis & John Rivington|date=1847|oclc=38171550|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wstHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1|page=604}}</ref>
*[[1545]] &ndash; The [[Council of Trent]] begins as the embodiment of the [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent |title=Council of Trent |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |location=Edinburgh |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
*[[1577]] &ndash; Sir [[Francis Drake]] sets sail from [[Plymouth]], England, on his [[Francis Drake's circumnavigation|round-the-world voyage]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bawlf|first=Samuel|title=The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2004|isbn=9780141005911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olzgzqMSWpIC|page=1}}</ref>
===1601–1900===
*[[1623]] &ndash; [[Plymouth Colony|The Plymouth Colony]] establishes the system of [[Jury trial|trial]] by 12-men jury in the American colonies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the World|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1989|page=244|isbn=0-13-133463-8}}</ref>
*[[1636]] &ndash; The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] organizes three [[militia]] regiments to defend the colony against the [[Pequot people|Pequot]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]], a date now considered the founding of the [[National Guard of the United States]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Doubler|first=Michael D.|title=The National Guard and Reserve: A Reference Handbook|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=Praeger Security International|date=2008|isbn=9780275993252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNHbw5H07P4C|page=47}}</ref>
*[[1642]] &ndash; [[Abel Tasman]] is the first recorded European to sight [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Robert W.|title=Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920|location=Jefferson, N.C.|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2012|isbn=9780786469789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j8-YmmA7-EC|page=31}}</ref>
*[[1643]] &ndash; [[English Civil War]]: The [[Battle of Alton]] takes place in [[Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rayner|first=Michael|title=English Battlefields: An Illustrated Encyclopaedia|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK|publisher=Tempus|date=2004|isbn=9780752429786|page=31}}</ref>
*[[1758]] &ndash; The English transport ship ''[[Duke William (ship)|Duke William]]'' sinks in the North Atlantic, killing over 360 people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lockerby|first=Earle|title=The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758|journal=Acadiensis|date=Spring 1998|volume=27 |issue=2 |accessdate=December 13, 2021|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/1998-v27-n2-acadiensis_27_2/acad27_2art03/|page=62}}</ref>
*[[1769]] &ndash; [[Dartmouth College]] is founded by the Reverend [[Eleazar Wheelock]], with a [[royal charter]] from King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]], on land donated by [[Governor-general#Governors-general in the British Empire|Royal governor]] [[Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet|John Wentworth]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Crosby|first=Nathan|title=The First Half Century of Dartmouth College|location=Hanover, N.H.|publisher=J.B. Parker|date=1876|oclc=248807351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J38MAAAAYAAJ|pages=4–5}}</ref>
*[[1818]] &ndash; [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] resigns from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch under pressure from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiminas|first=Demetrius|title=Orthodox Christianity. Vol. 1: The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates With Annotated Hierarch Catalogs|location=San Bernardino, Calif.|publisher=Borgo Press|date=2009|isbn=9781434458766|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C|page=42}}</ref>
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: At the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]] repulses attacks by [[Union Army|Union]] Major General [[Ambrose Burnside]] on Marye's Heights, inflicting heavy casualties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gallagher|first=Gary W.|title=The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|date=1995|isbn=9780807821930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FjqCQAAQBAJ|pages=viii-ix}}</ref>
*[[1867]] &ndash; A [[Fenian]] bomb explodes in [[Clerkenwell]], London, killing 12 people and injuring 50.<ref>{{cite book|last=Staniforth|first=Andrew|editor-last=Sampson|editor-first=Fraser|title=Routledge Companion to UK Counter Terrorism|location=London|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|isbn=9780415685856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pemFtjeWK_UC|page=8}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1937]] &ndash; [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Nanking]]: The city of [[Nanjing]], defended by the [[National Revolutionary Army]] under the command of General [[Tang Shengzhi]], falls to the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]. This is followed by the [[Nanking Massacre]], in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.
*[[1938]] &ndash; [[The Holocaust]]: The [[Neuengamme concentration camp]] opens in the [[Bergedorf]] district of [[Hamburg]], Germany.
*[[1939]] &ndash; The [[Battle of the River Plate]] is fought off the coast of Uruguay; the first naval battle of [[World War II]]. The [[Kriegsmarine]]'s [[Deutschland-class cruiser]] (pocket battleship) ''[[German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee|Admiral Graf Spee]]'' engages with three [[Royal Navy]] cruisers: {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}, {{Ship|HMNZS|Achilles|70|6}} and {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bidlingmaier |first=Gerhard |title=Warship Profile 4 |chapter=KM Admiral Graf Spee |publisher=Profile Publications |location=Windsor |year=1971 |pages=88–91 |oclc=20229321}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=Robert |title=Kriegsmarine: The Illustrated History of the German Navy in WWII |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |location=Osceola |year=2001 |pages=64–67 |isbn=978-07-60310-26-7}}</ref>
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: The [[Massacre of Kalavryta]] by German occupying forces in Greece.
*[[1949]] &ndash; The [[Knesset]] votes to move the capital of [[Israel]] from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[Jerusalem]].
*[[1957]] &ndash; The {{M|w}} 6.5 [[1957 Farsinaj earthquake|Farsinaj earthquake]] strikes Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, causing at least 1,119 deaths and damaging over 5,000 homes.<ref name="AMBRASEYS">{{cite journal |last1=Ambraseys |first1=N. N. |last2=Moinfar |first2=A. A. |last3=Peronaci |first3=P. |title=The Seismieity of Iran the Farsinaj (Kermanshah) earthquake of 13 December 1957 |journal=Annals of Geophysics |date=1973 |volume=26 |issue=4 |doi=10.4401/ag-5030 |url=https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/5030|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[1959]] &ndash; [[List of archbishops of Cyprus|Archbishop]] [[Makarios III]] becomes the first [[President of Cyprus]].
*[[1960]] &ndash; While [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] visits Brazil, his [[Kebur Zabagna|Imperial Bodyguard]] [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt|seizes the capital]] and proclaims him deposed and his son, Crown Prince [[Amha Selassie|Asfa Wossen]], Emperor.
*[[1962]] &ndash; [[NASA]] launches ''[[Relay program#Relay 1|Relay 1]]'', the first active repeater communications [[satellite]] in orbit.
*[[1967]] &ndash; [[Constantine II of Greece]] attempts an unsuccessful [[Greek military junta of 1967–74#The King's counter-coup|counter-coup]] against the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|Regime of the Colonels]].
*[[1968]] &ndash; Brazilian President [[Artur da Costa e Silva]] issues [[AI-5]] (Institutional Act No. 5), enabling government by decree and suspending [[habeas corpus]].
*[[1972]] &ndash; [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]] begin the third and final [[extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) or "Moonwalk" of ''[[Apollo 17]]''. To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon.
*[[1974]] &ndash; [[Malta]] becomes a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
*  1974   &ndash; In the [[Vietnam War]], the [[North Vietnam]]ese forces launch their [[1975 Spring Offensive]] (to 30 April 1975), which results in the final capitulation of [[South Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Viên |first=Cao Văn |title=The Final Collapse |publisher=University Press of the Pacific |location=Honolulu |year=1983 |pages=59–60 |isbn=978-14-10219-55-8}}</ref>
*[[1977]] &ndash; [[Air Indiana Flight 216]] crashes near [[Evansville Regional Airport]], killing 29, including the [[Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball|University of Evansville basketball team]], support staff, and boosters of the team.
*[[1981]] &ndash; General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declares [[Martial law in Poland|martial law]] in Poland, largely due to the actions by ''[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]''.
*[[1982]] &ndash; The 6.0 {{M|s}} [[1982 North Yemen earthquake|North Yemen earthquake]] shakes southwestern [[Yemen]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''), killing 2,800, and injuring 1,500.
*[[1988]] &ndash; [[Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO Chairman]] [[Yasser Arafat]] gives a speech at a [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] meeting in [[Geneva]], Switzerland, after United States authorities refused to grant him a [[Visa (document)|visa]] to visit UN headquarters in New York.
*[[1989]] &ndash; [[The Troubles]]: [[Attack on Derryard checkpoint]]: The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] launches an attack on a [[British Army]] temporary vehicle checkpoint near [[Rosslea|Rosslea, Northern Ireland]]. Two British soldiers are killed and two others are wounded.
*[[1994]] &ndash; [[Flagship Airlines Flight 3379]] crashes in [[Morrisville, North Carolina]], near [[Raleigh–Durham International Airport]], killing 15.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident British Aerospace 3201 Jetstream 32 N918AE Raleigh/Durham Airport, NC (RDU)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19941213-0|access-date=2021-12-01|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
*[[1995]] &ndash; [[Banat Air Flight 166]] crashes in [[Sommacampagna]] near [[Verona Villafranca Airport]] in [[Verona]], [[Italy]], killing 49.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24V YR-AMR Verona Airport (VRN)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19951213-0|access-date=2021-12-12|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*[[2001]] &ndash; [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]]: [[Sansad Bhavan]], the building housing the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], is attacked by 5 [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorists. Twelve people are killed, including the terrorists.
*[[2002]] &ndash; [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|European Union enlargement]]: The EU announces that [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic|the Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Malta]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Slovenia]] will become members on May 1, 2004.
*[[2003]] &ndash; [[Iraq War]]: [[Operation Red Dawn]]: Former Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] is captured near his home town of [[Tikrit]].
*[[2007]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] is signed by the [[Member state of the European Union|EU member states]] to amend both the [[Treaty of Rome]] and the [[Maastricht Treaty]] which together form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon is effective from 1 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/5/the-treaty-of-lisbon |title=The Treaty of Lisbon |series=Fact Sheets on the European Union |publisher=European Parliament |location=Brussels |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>