Editing Dartmouth College (section)

== History ==
{{See also|List of presidents of Dartmouth College}}
[[File:Eleazar Wheelock.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eleazar Wheelock]], Dartmouth College founder]]

Dartmouth was founded by [[Eleazar Wheelock]], a [[Yale University|Yale]] graduate and [[Congregational church|Congregational]] minister from [[Windham, Connecticut]], who had sought to establish a school to train [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] as Christian missionaries. It was one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]]. Wheelock's ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with [[Mohegan]] Indian [[Samson Occom]]. Occom became an ordained minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747, and later moved to [[Long Island]] to preach to the [[Montaukett|Montauks]].<ref name="history-lesson"/>

Wheelock founded [[Moor's Charity School|Moor's Indian Charity School]] in 1755.<ref name="Eleazar Wheelock's Two Schools"/> The Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue school's operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. The first major donation to the school was given by [[John Phillips (educator)|John Phillips]] in 1762, who went on to found [[Phillips Exeter Academy]]. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches. With these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock.<ref name="history-lesson"/> The head of the trust was a [[Methodist]] named [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth]].

[[File:Dartmouth College campus 2007-10-02 03 - Charter.jpg|thumb|upright|The Charter of Dartmouth College on display in [[Baker Memorial Library]]. The charter was signed on December 13, 1769, on behalf of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]].]]

Although the fund provided Wheelock ample financial support for the Charity School, Wheelock initially had trouble recruiting Indians to the institution, primarily because its location was far from tribal territories. In seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the [[Province of New Hampshire]]. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources and secure a charter. The Royal Governor of New Hampshire, [[Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet|John Wentworth]], provided the land upon which Dartmouth would be built and on December 13, 1769, issued a [[royal charter]] in the name of [[King George III]] establishing the college. That charter created a college "for the education and instruction of youth of the Indian tribes in this land in reading, writing, and all parts of learning which shall appear necessary and expedient for civilizing and christianizing children of pagans as well as in all liberal arts and sciences and also of English youth and any others". The reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable the use of the Charity School's unspent trust funds. Named for [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth]] – an important supporter of Eleazar Wheelock's earlier efforts but who, in fact, opposed creation of the college and never donated to it – Dartmouth is the nation's ninth oldest college and the last institution of higher learning established under colonial rule.<ref name="About Dartmouth&nbsp;– History"/> The college granted its first degrees in 1771.<ref name="Eleazar Wheelock and the Adventurous Founding of Dartmouth College"/>

Given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites.<ref name="history-lesson"/><ref name="chi"/> Occom, disappointed with Wheelock's departure from the school's original goal of Indian [[Christianization]], went on to form his own community of New England Indians called [[Brothertown Indians]] in New York.<ref name="history-lesson"/><ref name="chi"/>
[[File:Early Dartmouth Dunham.jpg|thumb|left|The earliest known image of Dartmouth appeared in the February 1793 issue of ''Massachusetts Magazine''. The engraving may also be the first visual proof of [[cricket]] being played in the United States.<ref name="CricketRauner"/>]]
In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic [[Dartmouth College v. Woodward|Dartmouth College case]], which challenged [[New Hampshire]]'s 1816 attempt to amend the college charter to make the school a public university. An institution called [[Dartmouth University]] occupied the college buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817, though the college continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby.<ref name="history-lesson"/> [[Daniel Webster]], an [[alumnus]] of the class of 1801, presented the college's case to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an [[Contract Clause|illegal impairment of a contract]] by the state and reversed New Hampshire's takeover of the college. Webster concluded his [[peroration]] with the famous words: "It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it."<ref name="history-lesson"/>

Dartmouth taught its first [[African Americans|African-American]] students in 1775 and 1808. By the end of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], 20 black men had attended the college or its medical school,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dartmouth Black Students from the 18th to Mid-20th Century
|year=2019
|author=[[Black Alumni of Dartmouth Association]]
|url=http://badahistory.net
|access-date=August 20, 2019
|archive-date=August 24, 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824172552/http://badahistory.net/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and Dartmouth "was recognized in the African-American community as a place where a man of color could go to get educated".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://250.dartmouth.edu/highlights/graduation-dartmouths-first-black-student|title=The Graduation of Dartmouth's First Black Student|date=October 9, 2018|publisher=Dartmouth College|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164032/https://250.dartmouth.edu/highlights/graduation-dartmouths-first-black-student|url-status=live}}</ref> One of those first 20 black alumni, [[Jonathan C. Gibbs]], served as [[Secretary of state (U.S. state government)|Secretary of State]] and Superintendent of Public Instruction for the state of [[Florida]].

In 1866, the [[New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts]] was incorporated in Hanover, in connection with Dartmouth College. The institution was officially associated with Dartmouth and was directed by Dartmouth's president. The new college was moved to [[Durham, New Hampshire]], in 1891, and later became known as the [[University of New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unh.edu/main/brief-history |title=University Chronology &#124; University of New Hampshire Library |newspaper=University of New Hampshire |date=April 12, 2013 |publisher=Unh.edu |access-date=December 7, 2017 |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115514/http://www.unh.edu/main/brief-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dartmouth emerged onto the national academic stage at the turn of the 20th century. Prior to this period, the college had clung to traditional methods of instruction and was relatively poorly funded.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/> Under President [[William Jewett Tucker]] (1893–1909), Dartmouth underwent a major revitalization of facilities, faculty, and the student body, following large endowments such as the $10,000 given by Dartmouth alumnus and law professor [[John Ordronaux (doctor)|John Ordronaux]].<ref name="Many Bequests to Carity; Will of Dr. Ordronaux D{{nbsp}}..."/> 20 new structures replaced antiquated buildings, while the student body and faculty both expanded threefold. Tucker is often credited for having "refounded Dartmouth" and bringing it into national prestige.<ref name="William Jewett Tucker"/> [[File:Dartmouth Hall.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, [[Dartmouth Hall]], and Wentworth Hall]]Presidents [[Ernest Fox Nichols]] (1909–16) and [[Ernest Martin Hopkins]] (1916–45) continued Tucker's trend of modernization, further improving campus facilities and introducing [[College admissions in the United States|selective admissions]] in the 1920s.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/> In 1945, Hopkins was subject to no small amount of controversy, as he openly admitted to Dartmouth's practice of using [[racial quota]]s to deny Jews entry into the university.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/49948394/?terms=dartmouth+jewish+quota|title=17 Aug 1945, Page 6 - The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle at Newspapers.com|work=Newspapers.com|access-date=May 28, 2018|language=en|archive-date=May 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130051/https://www.newspapers.com/image/49948394/?terms=dartmouth+jewish+quota|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[iarchive:crucialdecadeame006464mbp|Eric F. Goldman, ''The Crucial Decade: America, 1945–1955'']], (New York: Knopf, 1956), p. 42: "...{{nbsp}}and Dartmouth's president, Ernest Hopkins, blandly explained that of course his college admitted only a quota of Jews."</ref> [[John Sloan Dickey]], serving as president from 1945 until 1970, strongly emphasized the liberal arts, particularly [[public policy]] and [[international relations]].<ref name="trd-wheelock"/><ref name="John Sloan Dickey"/> During [[World War II]], Dartmouth was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a navy commission.<ref name="navyarchives-v-12" />

The [[Dartmouth workshop]], which was held in 1956, is widely considered to be the founding event of [[artificial intelligence]] as a field.

In 1970, longtime professor of [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]] [[John George Kemeny]] became president of Dartmouth.<ref name="kemeny-bio"/> Kemeny oversaw several major changes at the college. Dartmouth, which had been a men's institution, began admitting women as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates in 1972 amid much controversy.<ref name="When did Dartmouth become co-educational?"/> At about the same time, the college adopted its "[[#The Dartmouth Plan|Dartmouth Plan]]" of academic scheduling, permitting the student body to increase in size within the existing facilities.<ref name="kemeny-bio"/>

In 1988, Dartmouth's alma mater song's lyrics changed from "Men of Dartmouth" to "Dear old Dartmouth".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/nyregion/rutgers-updates-its-anthem-to-include-women.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/nyregion/rutgers-updates-its-anthem-to-include-women.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited | work=The New York Times |first=Ariel | last=Kaminer | title=Rutgers Updates Its Anthem to Include Women | date=September 24, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

During the 1990s, the college saw a major academic overhaul under President [[James O. Freedman]] and a controversial (and ultimately unsuccessful) 1999 initiative to encourage the school's single-sex Greek houses to go coed.<ref name="trd-wheelock"/><ref name="James O. Freedman"/> The first decade of the 21st century saw the commencement of the $1.5 billion Campaign for the Dartmouth Experience, the largest capital fundraising campaign in the college's history, which surpassed $1 billion in 2008.<ref name="thedartmouth"/><ref name="thedartmouth1"/> The mid- and late first decade of the 21st century have also seen extensive campus construction, with the erection of two new housing complexes, full renovation of two dormitories, and a forthcoming dining hall, life sciences center, and visual arts center.<ref name="Current Capital Projects"/> In 2004, [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] selected Dartmouth College as a model of institutional endurance "whose record of endurance has had implications and benefits for all American organizations, both academic and commercial", citing ''Dartmouth College v. Woodward'' and Dartmouth's successful self-reinvention in the late 19th century.<ref name="Booz Allen Hamilton Lists the World's Most Enduring Institutions"/>
[[File:Dartmouth College campus 2007-09-25 07 - Collis Center.JPG|thumb|left|College seal at the Collis Center]]
Since the election of a number of petition-nominated trustees to the [[Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College|Board of Trustees]] starting in 2004, the role of alumni in Dartmouth governance has been the subject of ongoing conflict.<ref name="Battle for Board leaves boardroom"/> President [[James Wright (historian)|James Wright]] announced his retirement in February 2008<ref name="President Wright to step down in June 2009"/> and was replaced by Harvard University professor and physician [[Jim Yong Kim]] on July 1, 2009.<ref name="Dr. Jim Yong Kim appointed 17th President of Dartmouth College"/> Kim was succeeded by [[Philip J. Hanlon]] in June 2013.

In May 2010 Dartmouth joined the [[Matariki Network of Universities]] (MNU) together with [[Durham University]] (UK), [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] (Canada), [[University of Otago]] (New Zealand), [[University of Tübingen]] (Germany), [[University of Western Australia]] (Australia) and [[Uppsala University]] (Sweden).<ref name="Members of the Matariki Network of Universities"/>

In early August 2019, Dartmouth College agreed to pay nine current and former students a total of $14 million to settle a [[Class action|class-action lawsuit]] alleging they were [[Sexual harassment|sexually harassed]] by three former [[neuroscience]] professors.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Deirdre |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/08/06/dartmouth-college-settles-sex-harassment-suit-for-million/w7SRdxBfj3Ig6R7PUNNWzK/story.html |title=Dartmouth College settles sex harassment suit for $14 million |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=August 6, 2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806180647/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/08/06/dartmouth-college-settles-sex-harassment-suit-for-million/w7SRdxBfj3Ig6R7PUNNWzK/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2022, Dartmouth College returned the papers of Samson Occom, who helped Eleazar Wheelock secure the funds for Dartmouth College for what Occom believed would be a school for Native students in Connecticut, to the [[Mohegan Tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grahn |first=Matt |title=Mohegan Tribe saw repatriation from Dartmouth College. Why are the Occom papers important? |url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/2022/04/28/dartmouth-returns-samson-occoms-documents-mohegan-tribe-ct-nh/9541817002/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Norwich Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=In repatriation ceremony, Dartmouth returns historic Occom papers to the Mohegan Tribe |url=https://www.ctpublic.org/news/2022-04-27/in-repatriation-ceremony-dartmouth-returns-historic-occom-papers-to-the-mohegan-tribe |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Connecticut Public |language=en}}</ref>

On  June 12, 2023 [[Sian Beilock]] began her tenure as the first female president of Dartmouth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Sian Leah Beilock |url=https://president.dartmouth.edu/about/people/sian-leah-beilock |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=President |language=en}}</ref>

In September of 2023, Dartmouth convened an event entitled The Future of Mental Health and Wellness, which included the seven living [[Surgeon General of the United States|U.S. Surgeons General]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=7 current, former surgeons general discuss mental health at Dartmouth event |url=https://www.vnews.com/Dartmouth-hosts-surgeons-general-for-mental-health-discussion-52447412 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Valley News |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the College hired a chief wellness office in order to provide increased mental health support on campus and to help students to manage daily stressors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Adam |date=2024-03-27 |title=Health Watch: Dartmouth hires chief health and wellness officer |url=https://www.wcax.com/2024/03/27/health-watch-dartmouth-hires-chief-health-wellness-officer/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

In April of 2024, Dartmouth announced the creation of the Dartmouth Climate Collaboration, pledging $500 million towards the goal of eliminating [[carbon emissions]] on campus by 2050. The plan includes the installation of high-capacity heat pumps and a [[geoexchange]] system, making it the largest operational change in the College’s history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ormsbee |first=Molly |date=2024-04-23 |title=Net-zero by 2050: Dartmouth Colleges makes ambitious climate goal |url=https://www.mynbc5.com/article/dartmouth-college-emissions-climate/60575359 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=WPTZ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Heat pumps and underground holes: Dartmouth announces $500 million investment in decarbonization |url=https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2024-04-25/heat-pumps-and-underground-holes-dartmouth-announces-500-million-investment-in-decarbonization |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=New Hampshire Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>