Editing Darmstadt (section)

== History ==
[[File:Darmstadt in 1626 Thesaurus Philopoliticus.jpg|thumb|right|Darmstadt in 1626]]
[[File:Darmstadt um 1900.jpg|thumb|right|The 'Schlossplatz', a market square in front of the Ducal Palace around 1900: one of the few areas to survive in similar style after World War II]]

=== Origins ===
The name Darmstadt first appears towards the end of the 11th century, then as ''Darmundestat''.<ref name="AKTUELLES_9">{{cite web | title=Darmstadt, Ortsname | website=AKTUELLES | url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/d/darmstadt-ortsname.html | language=de | access-date=31 January 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819060929/https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/d/darmstadt-ortsname.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Darmstadt was chartered as a city by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Ludwig the Bavarian]] in 1330, at which time it belonged to the counts of [[County of Katzenelnbogen|Katzenelnbogen]].<ref name="FACTS">{{cite web | url=http://www.darmstadt.de/imperia/md/content/pdf/wirtschaft/4.pdf | title = Essential Facts (brochure from the official city website)| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319082609/http://www.darmstadt.de/imperia/md/content/pdf/wirtschaft/4.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2009 | year=2005}}</ref> The city, then called ''Darmstait'', became a secondary residence for the counts, with a small castle established at the site of the current, much larger edifice.<ref name="HISTKatz1">[http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/burgenseitedarmstadt.html Nebenresidenz Darmstadt (darmstait)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005073921/http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/burgenseitedarmstadt.html |date=5 October 2018 }} (from the 'Graf v. Katzenelnbogen' website, in German. Retrieved 5 January 2008.)</ref>

When the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479, the city was passed to the [[Landgraviate of Hesse]], and was seat of the ruling [[landgrave]]s (1567–1806) and thereafter (to 1918) of the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|grand dukes of Hesse]].<ref name="HISTKatz2">{{Cite web|title=Die Geschichte des Grafenhauses|author=Karl. E. Demandt|url=http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/geschichtedemandt.html|access-date=7 January 2023|website=www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005073209/http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/geschichtedemandt.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2023}}

=== Industrial age ===
[[File:Luisenplatz Darmstadt 1909.jpg|thumb|Darmstadt in 1909]]

The city's population grew during the 19th century, from a little over 10,000, to 72,000 inhabitants.<ref name="darmstadt-history">{{cite web
| publisher = (from the official city website)
| title = Population growth in Darmstadt
| url = http://www.darmstadt.de/en/history/index.html
| access-date = 15 January 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090808205806/http://www.darmstadt.de/en/history/index.html
| archive-date = 8 August 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> A polytechnical school, which later became a Technical University now known as [[Darmstadt University of Technology|TU Darmstadt]], was established in 1877.<ref name="tu-darmstadt">{{cite web
| publisher = TU Darmstadt
| title = Establishment of TU Darmstadt (in German)
| url = http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/universitaet/profil_1/identitaet/index.de.jsp
| access-date = 3 March 2009
| archive-date = 3 April 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403080335/http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/universitaet/profil_1/identitaet/index.de.jsp
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, Darmstadt was an important centre for the art movement of [[Jugendstil]], the German variant of [[Art Nouveau]].<ref name="AKTUELLES_5">{{cite web | title=Jugendstil | website=Darmstadt Stadtlexikon | url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/j/jugendstil.html | language=de | access-date=2023-02-01 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201161013/https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/j/jugendstil.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Also during this period, in 1912 the chemist [[Anton Kollisch]], working for the pharmaceutical company [[Merck KGaA|Merck]], first synthesised the chemical [[MDMA]] (ecstasy) in Darmstadt.<ref name="dw.com 2006">{{cite web | title=Merck Digs Up Truth About Role in the Birth of Ecstasy | website=Deutsche Welle | date=18 August 2006 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/merck-digs-up-truth-about-role-in-the-birth-of-ecstasy/a-2140190 | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201161853/https://www.dw.com/en/merck-digs-up-truth-about-role-in-the-birth-of-ecstasy/a-2140190 | url-status=live }}</ref> Darmstadt's municipal area was extended in 1937 to include the neighbouring localities of Arheilgen<ref name="ARHEILGEN.de">{{cite web | title=Geschichte | website=ARHEILGEN.de | url=https://www.arheilgen.de/geschichte-wappen.html | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201162522/https://www.arheilgen.de/geschichte-wappen.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Eberstadt,<ref name="Darmstadt_2">{{cite web | title=Eberstadt: Darmstadt | website=Home | url=https://www.darmstadt.de/standort/stadtportraet/stadtteile/eberstadt | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201162537/https://www.darmstadt.de/standort/stadtportraet/stadtteile/eberstadt | url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1938 the city was separated administratively from the surrounding district (''Kreis'').<ref name="Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)">{{cite web | title=Historisches Ortslexikon : Landkreise A–Z : LAGIS Hessen | website=Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) | url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/browse/district/411/sn/ol | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819061504/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/browse/district/411/sn/ol | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nazi Germany ===
Darmstadt was the first city in Germany to force Jewish shops to close in early 1933, shortly after the Nazis took power in Germany. The shops were only closed for one day, for "endangering communal order and tranquility".<ref>"[http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5761/lechlecha/features.htm Beginning of the End]" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015541/http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5761/lechlecha/features.htm |date=30 September 2007 }} – Musman, Moshe; from ''Borne Aloft on the Wings of a Dove'' (in-depth feature on Dei'ah veDibur website)</ref> In 1942, over 3,000 Jews from Darmstadt were first forced into a collection camp located in the Liebigschule, and later deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]<ref name="HIST">[http://www.darmstadt.de/kultur/geschichte/02648/ Darmstädter Stadtgeschichte 20. Jahrhundert] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410004257/http://www.darmstadt.de/kultur/geschichte/02648/ |date=10 April 2007 }} (from the official city website, in German, less detailed also in English)</ref> where most eventually died. In 1944, the city was also the location of a subcamp of the [[Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1023|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>

Several prominent members of the German resistance movement against the Nazis were citizens of Darmstadt, including [[Wilhelm Leuschner]] and [[Theodor Haubach]], both executed for their opposition to Hitler's regime.<ref name="AKTUELLES_33">{{cite web | title=Leuschner, Wilhelm | website=darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de | url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/l/leuschner-wilhelm.html | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819061502/https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/l/leuschner-wilhelm.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AKTUELLES_34">{{cite web | title=Haubach, Theodor | website=darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de | url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/h/haubach-theodor.html | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201162823/https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/h/haubach-theodor.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Darmstadt was first bombed on 30 July 1940, and 34 other air raids would follow before the war's end. The old city centre was largely destroyed in a [[Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II|British bombing raid]] on 11/12 September 1944.<ref name="AKTUELLES_35">{{cite web | title=Brandnacht | website=darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de | url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/b/brandnacht.html | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=4 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104123722/https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/b/brandnacht.html | url-status=live }}</ref> This attack was an example of "area bombing" using high explosive and incendiary bombs, which combined in that attack to create a firestorm, a self-sustaining combustion process in which winds generated by the fire ensure it continues to burn until everything possible has been consumed.<ref name="Zeitgeschichte in Hessen">{{cite web | title=Area Bombing Directive des britischen Luftfahrtministeriums | website=Zeitgeschichte in Hessen | url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/drec/sn/edb/mode/catchwords/lemma/Luftkrieg/current/0 | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201163219/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/drec/sn/edb/mode/catchwords/lemma/Luftkrieg/current/0 | url-status=live }}</ref> During this attack, an estimated 11,000 to 12,500 of the inhabitants were killed, and 66,000 to 70,000 were left homeless.<ref name="HIST"/> Over three-quarters of Darmstadt's inner city was destroyed.<ref>[http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/city/hist.html Darmstadt history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610154626/http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/city/hist.html |date=10 June 2007 }} (from the website of the [[Technical University of Darmstadt]])</ref> Post-war rebuilding was done in a relatively plain architectural style, although a number of the historic buildings were rebuilt to their original appearance following the city's capture on 25 March 1945 by the American [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]].<ref name="Darmstadt">{{cite web | title=75. Jahrestag der Befreiung Darmstadts von Krieg und Nationalsozialismus | website=Home | url=https://www.darmstadt.de/presseservice/einzelansicht/news/75-jahrestag-der-befreiung-darmstadts-von-krieg-und-nationalsozialismus | language=de | access-date=31 January 2023 | archive-date=31 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131174655/https://www.darmstadt.de/presseservice/einzelansicht/news/75-jahrestag-der-befreiung-darmstadts-von-krieg-und-nationalsozialismus | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frankfurter Rundschau 2005">{{cite web | title=Am Langen Ludwig hing die weiße Fahne | website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] | date=26 March 2005 | url=https://www.fr.de/politik/langen-ludwig-hing-weisse-fahne-11731791.html | language=de | access-date=31 January 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819061334/https://www.fr.de/politik/langen-ludwig-hing-weisse-fahne-11731791.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Today around 30% of Darmstadt consists of buildings from before World War II.<ref>https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |date=29 March 2024 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

=== Post–World War II ===
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Darmstadt became home to many technology companies and research institutes, and has been promoting itself as a "city of science" since 1997.<ref name="FAZ 2022">{{cite news | title=Gründer in Deutschland: Wie Darmstadt zu einem führenden Hightech-Standort Europas wurde | website=[[FAZ.NET]] | date=9 June 2022 | url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wie-darmstadt-zu-einem-fuehrenden-hightech-standort-europas-wurde-18086785.html | language=de | url-access=subscription | access-date=1 February 2023 | last1=Finsterbusch (Text) | first1=Stephan | last2=Bäuml (Fotos) | first2=Lucas | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201163838/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wie-darmstadt-zu-einem-fuehrenden-hightech-standort-europas-wurde-18086785.html | url-status=live }}</ref> It is well known as a high-tech centre in the vicinity of [[Frankfurt International Airport|Frankfurt Airport]], with important activities in spacecraft operations (the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[European Space Operations Centre]], [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites]]), chemistry, pharmacy, information technology, biotechnology, telecommunications (substantial [[Deutsche Telekom]] presence) and mechatronics.<ref name="FAZ 2022" /> In 2000, its region also scored Rank 3 amongst 97 German regions in the ''[[WirtschaftsWoche]]'' test ranking Germany's high-tech regions.<ref name="FACTS"/>

The roots of [[Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences]] goes back to 1876<ref>http://www2.h-da.de/mse/msc_brochure.pdf{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> along with [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]] (the first electrical engineering chair and inventions fame), when both these Universities were an integrated entities, a need for a separate industry based research educational institution was felt in the early 1930s, finally University of Applied sciences emerged as a separate industry based research educational institution in 1971 and is the largest [[Fachhochschule|University of Applied Sciences]] in Hesse (German: [[Hessen]]) with about 16,500 students.<ref name="Caspar">{{cite web | last=Caspar | first=Michael | title=Zahlen, Daten, Fakten – h_da Hochschule Darmstadt | website=Startseite – h_da Hochschule Darmstadt | url=https://h-da.de/hochschule/organisation/zahlen-daten-fakten | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819061336/https://h-da.de/hochschule/organisation/zahlen-daten-fakten | url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Darmstadt University of Technology|TU Darmstadt]] is one of the important technical institutes in Germany and is well known for its research and teaching in the Electrical, Mechanical and Civil Engineering disciplines.<ref name="Diez-Holz 2018">{{cite web | last=Diez-Holz | first=Lisa | title=Die besten Hochschulen für Ingenieure und Informatiker in Deutschland | website=ingenieur.de – Jobbörse und Nachrichtenportal für Ingenieure | date=28 August 2018 | url=https://www.ingenieur.de/karriere/bildung/hochschule/absolventen-aus-aachen-und-muenchen-am-begehrtesten/ | language=de | access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Together with other tertiary institutions, the TU is responsible for the large student population of the city, which stood at 33,547 in 2004.<ref name="FACTS"/>