Editing Darius Milhaud (section)

==Life and career==
Milhaud was born in [[Marseille]], the son of Sophie (Allatini) and Gad Gabriel Milhaud.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CEIAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Gabriel+Milhaud,+merchant,+and+of+Sophie+Milhaud,+nee+Allatini%22|title=Portrait(s) of Darius Milhaud|date=24 January 2002|publisher=Darius Milhaud Society|isbn=978-0-9719037-0-8|via=Google Books}}</ref> He grew up in [[Aix-en-Provence]], which he regarded as his true ancestral city.<ref name=levin>Neil W. Levin</ref> His was a long-established Jewish family of the [[Comtat Venaissin]]—a secluded region of Provence—with roots traceable there at least to the 15th century. On his father's side, Milhaud's Jewish lineage was thus neither [[Ashkenazi]] nor [[Sephardi]], but specifically [[Papal Jews|Provençal]]—dating to Jewish settlement in that part of France as early as the first centuries of the Common Era.<ref name=levin/> Milhaud's mother was partly Sephardi on her father's side, via a Sephardi family from Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/darius-milhaud/|title=Darius Milhaud|website=[[Milken Archive of Jewish Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/darius-milhaud-rebel-composer-dies-helped-to-change-tone-of-music.html|title=Darius Milhaud, Rebel Composer, Dies|date=25 June 1974|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> 

Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition. He studied at the [[Paris Conservatory]], where he met fellow Les Six members [[Arthur Honegger]] and [[Germaine Tailleferre]]. He studied composition with [[Charles Widor]] and harmony and counterpoint with [[André Gedalge]]. He also studied privately with [[Vincent d'Indy]]. From 1917 to 1919, he served as secretary to [[Paul Claudel]], the poet and dramatist who was then the French ambassador to Brazil, and with whom Milhaud collaborated for many years, writing music for many of his poems and plays. In Brazil, they collaborated on the ballet ''[[L'Homme et son désir]]''.{{sfn|Milhaud|1967|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by Brazilian popular music, including songs by pianist and composer [[Ernesto Nazareth]]. ''[[Le Bœuf sur le toit]]'' includes melodies by Nazareth and other popular Brazilian composers, and evokes the sounds of [[Carnival|Carnaval]]. Among the melodies is a Carnaval tune by the name of "The Bull on the Roof" (in Portuguese, which he translated to French 'Le boeuf sur le toit', known in English as 'The Ox on the Roof'). He also produced ''[[Saudades do Brasil]]'', a suite of 12 dances evoking 12 [[Rio de Janeiro]] neighborhoods. Shortly after the original piano version appeared, he orchestrated the suite.

Contemporary European influences were also important. Milhaud dedicated his Fifth String Quartet (1920) to [[Arnold Schoenberg]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2020/Jul/Milhaud_quartets_v2_TROCD01410.htm|title=Milhaud Quartets Volume 2 TROUBADISC TRO-CD 01410 [JW] Classical Music Reviews: July 2020 - MusicWeb-International|website=www.musicweb-international.com}}</ref> and the next year conducted both the French and British premieres of ''[[Pierrot lunaire]]'' after multiple rehearsals.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IBRzav2pL9AC&pg=PA226 ''British Music and Modernism, 1895–1960''], Riley, Matthew (ed), pp. 225–226]</ref> On a trip to the United States in 1922, Milhaud heard "authentic" [[jazz]] for the first time, on the streets of [[Harlem]],<ref name=PCmonde>{{cite web|title=Milhaud – ''La création du monde''|publisher=[[Pomona College]], Department of Music|year=1999|url=http://www.music.pomona.edu/Orchestra/mil_crea.htm|access-date=25 October 2006|archive-date=1 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901142248/http://www.music.pomona.edu/orchestra/mil_crea.htm|url-status=dead}}.</ref> which greatly influenced his music. The next year, he completed ''[[La création du monde]]'' (The Creation of the World), using ideas and idioms from jazz, cast as a ballet in six continuous dance scenes.<ref name=PCmonde />

In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin [[Madeleine Milhaud|Madeleine]], an actress and reciter. In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child.<ref name="The Independent">''[[The Independent]]''. Obituary, 31 March 2008. London.</ref>

Nazi Germany's invasion of France forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940.<ref>"Darius Milhaud" in ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', vol. 3, ed. [[Stanley Sadie]] (Oxford University Press, 2001)</ref> They immigrated to the U.S. (Milhaud's Jewish background made it impossible for him to return to France until it was [[Western Front (World War II)#Liberation of France|liberated]]).<ref name="Hoppenot">[[Madeleine Milhaud|Madeleine]] and Darius Milhaud, Hélène and [[Henri Hoppenot]], ''Conversation: Correspondance 1918–1974, complétée par des pages du Journal d'Hélène Hoppenot'', ed. Marie France Mousli (Paris: Gallimard, 2006), pp. 182–184.</ref> He secured a teaching post at [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]], where he composed the opera ''Bolivar'' (1943) and collaborated with [[Henri Temianka]] and the [[Paganini Quartet]]. In an extraordinary concert there in 1949, the [[Budapest Quartet]] performed his 14th String Quartet, followed by the [[Paganini Quartet]]'s performance of his 15th; and then both ensembles played the two pieces together as an octet.<ref>Mills College program of 10 August 1949, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.</ref> In 1950, these pieces were performed at the [[Aspen Music Festival]] by the Paganini and [[Juilliard String Quartet|Juilliard String Quartets.]]<ref>Aspen Institute program of 26 July 1950, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.</ref> 

On June 13,1945, his ''Suite Francaise'', – Normandie, Bretagne, Ile de France, Alsace-Lorraine, Provence, had its World Premiere performance at the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, in the Naumburg Bandshell, Central Park, in the summer series. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Events and Performers |url=https://naumburgconcerts.org/notable-events-and-performers |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Naumburg Orchestral Concerts |language=en-US}}</ref> 

Jazz pianist [[Dave Brubeck]] became one of Milhaud's most famous students when Brubeck studied at Mills College in the late 1940s. In a February 2010 interview with [[JazzWax]], Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, "Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work. My older brother [[Howard Brubeck|Howard]] was his assistant and had taken all of his classes."<ref>[http://www.jazzwax.com/2010/02/interview-dave-brubeck-part-2.html Brubeck interview].</ref> Brubeck named his first son [[Darius Brubeck|Darius]].

In 1947 Milhaud was among the founders of the [[Music Academy of the West]] summer conservatory,<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Robert|title=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann|url=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/|website=robertgreenbergmusic.com|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/|archive-date=7 February 2020|date=26 August 2019}}</ref> where songwriter [[Burt Bacharach]] was among his students.{{sfn|Cucos|2005|p=200}} Milhaud told Bacharach, "Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle. Don't ever feel discomfited by a melody."{{sfn|Cucos|2005|p=205}}

From 1947 to 1971, he taught alternate years at Mills and the [[Paris Conservatoire]], until poor health, which caused him to use a wheelchair during his later years (beginning in the 1930s), compelled him to retire. He also taught on the faculty of the [[Aspen Music Festival and School]]. As well as Brubeck, his students include [[William Bolcom]], [[Steve Reich]], [[Katharine Mulky Warne]], and [[Regina Hansen Willman]]. He died in [[Geneva]] at the age of 81, and he was buried in the [[Saint-Pierre Cemetery (Aix-en-Provence)|Saint-Pierre Cemetery]] in Aix-en-Provence.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234112/http://www.centredariusmilhaud.org/itinerairedujudaisme/?p=58 Centre Darius Milhaud: Cimetière Saint Pierre].</ref>