Editing Dar es Salaam (section)

==History==
{{Further|History of Zanzibar}}

[[File:Dar-es-Salam.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Image of the port of Dar es Salaam from the book ''Von Unseren Kolonien'' by Ottomar Beta in the year 1908]]
In the 19th century, 'Mzizima ([[Swahili language|Swahili]] for "healthy town") was a coastal fishing village on the periphery of [[Indian Ocean trade|Indian Ocean trade routes]].<ref name=UNHSP>{{Cite book |last=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |author-link=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |title=The State of African Cities 2008 |publisher=UN-HABITAT |year=2009 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR0fckrquD8C&pg=PA130 |isbn=978-92-1-132015-2 |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005633/https://books.google.com/books?id=UR0fckrquD8C&pg=PA130 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Brennan>{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=James R |last2=Burton |first2=Andrew |chapter=The Emerging Metropolis: A history of Dar es Salaam, circa 1862–2000 |title=Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis |publisher=African Books Collective |year=2007 |page=13 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-54DSfk0ZMgC&pg=PA13 |isbn=978-9987-449-70-5 |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005633/https://books.google.com/books?id=-54DSfk0ZMgC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1865 or 1866, [[List of sultans of Zanzibar|Sultan]] [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar]] began building a new city very close to Mzizima<ref name=Brennan/> and named it Dar es Salaam. The name is commonly translated from Arabic as "abode (home) of peace", from ''dar'' ("house"), and ''es salaam'' ("of peace").<ref name=Brennan/> Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majid's death in 1870, but was revived in 1887 when the [[German East Africa Company]] established a station there. The town's growth was facilitated by its role as the administrative and commercial centre of [[German East Africa]] and industrial expansion following the construction of the [[Central Line (Tanzania)|Central Railway Line]] in the early 1900s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar es Salaam {{!}} History, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dar-es-Salaam |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021094824/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dar-es-Salaam |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[East African campaign (World War I)|East African campaign]] of [[World War I]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[British Empire|Empire]] forces captured [[German East Africa]]. The [[Royal Navy]] bombarded the city with the [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] {{HMS|Mersey|1914|2}} on 21 July 1916 and [[battleship]] {{HMS|Vengeance|1899|6}} on 21 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-04-HMS_Manica.htm |title=HMS Manica – February to December 1916, UK out, German East Africa Campaign |work=Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032931/https://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-04-HMS_Manica.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The German colonial authorities surrendered the city on 3 September.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cato |first=Conrad |year=1919 |chapter=XII – H.M.S. "Manica" in East Africa |title=The Navy Everywhere |place=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable]] |publisher=London |url=https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Book-NavyEverywhere01.htm |access-date=2022-01-09 |archive-date=2021-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716225135/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Book-NavyEverywhere01.htm |url-status=live }}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}</ref> German East Africa became the British [[Tanganyika Territory]].

Dar es Salaam remained the administrative and commercial centre. Under British [[indirect rule]], European areas such as [[Oyster Bay, Tanzania|Oyster Bay]] and African areas (e.g., [[Kariakoo]] and [[Ilala District|Ilala]]) developed separately from the city centre. The city's population also included a large number of [[Indians in Tanzania|workers from British India]], many of whom came to take advantage of trade and commercial opportunities. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam Christian |date=2010-10-25 |title=Dar es Salaam (1857- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |access-date=2021-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234501/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Political developments, including the formation and growth of the [[Tanganyika African National Union]], led to Tanganyika's independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when Tanganyika and the [[People's Republic of Zanzibar]] merged to form Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, provisions were made to relocate the capital to [[Dodoma]], a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process to Dodoma was completed, although Dar es Salaam continued to be the location of most government offices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam Christian |date=2010-10-25 |title=Dar es Salaam (1857- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |access-date=2021-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234501/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1967, the [[Government of Tanzania|Tanzanian government]] declared the ''[[ujamaa]]'' policy, which made Tanzania lean towards [[socialism]]. The move hampered the potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move into cities and instead remain in Ujamaa socialist villages. By the 1980s, the policy failed to combat the increasing poverty and hunger that Tanzania faced, and had delayed necessary development. This situation led to the liberalization policy of the 1980s that essentially ended socialism and silenced its proponents within Tanzania's government through political repression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=Eric |date=2019-01-02 |title=Navigating global socialism: Tanzanian students in and beyond East Germany |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |journal=Cold War History |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=63–83 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |issn=1468-2745 |pmc=6743719 |pmid=31565067 |access-date=2021-09-13 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005634/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ngowi">{{cite journal |last1=Ngowi |first1=Honest |title=Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence: The political leadership factor |journal=African Journal of Political Science and International Relations |date=May 2009 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=259–267 |issn=1996-0832}}</ref>[[File:Dar es Salaam in 1930s.JPG|320x240px|thumbnail|Dar es Salaam in the 1930s, with the [[Old Boma, Dar es Salaam|Old Boma]] and [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dar es Salaam|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] prominently in view]]

Until the late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not regarded in the same echelon as Africa's leading cities like [[Cairo]], [[Nairobi]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Lagos]], or [[Addis Ababa]]. During the 2000s, businesses opened and prospered; growth expanded in the construction sector, with new multi-storey buildings, bridges and roads;<ref name="allafrica.com">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201308060352.html |title=allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Construction Booms As Public, Private Sector Investments Soar |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525095742/http://allafrica.com/stories/201308060352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of banks in Tanzania|Tanzanian banks]] headquartered in the city became better regulated{{clarify|date=June 2011|reason=a review of the Role and Functions of the Bank of Tanzania (1961-2011)}}; and the [[Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange]] expanded. The port is prominent for [[Re-exportation|entrepot trade]] with landlocked countries like [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Zambia]], and the eastern portion of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The city's skyline features tall buildings, among them the 35-storey PSPF Tower (finished in 2015) and the [[Tanzania Ports Authority]] (TPA) Tower, the tallest in the country (completed in 2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |title=Tanzania Ports Authority Headquarters |publisher=The Skyscraper Center |access-date=2020-06-02 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729025429/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A number of historical buildings and elements of urban planning, such as parts of the harbour and streets going back to colonial times, still exist. The [[Old Boma, Dar es Salaam|Old Boma]], one of the city's oldest buildings, was built in 1866–67 by [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid bin Said]], [[sultan]] of [[Zanzibar]], and enlarged under German rule. The Botanical Gardens now are close to the [[National Museum of Tanzania]]. The present-day [[Ikulu|State House]] goes back to Majid bin Said, and were the seat of the German and later the British colonial governments. Along with the [[Azania Front Lutheran Church]], built between 1899 and 1902,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Azania Front Cathedral |url=https://www.azaniafront.org/history |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.azaniafront.org}}</ref> and the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dar es Salaam|St. Joseph's Cathedral]], constructed around the same period,<ref>Michael Hodd, ''East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide'', p. 344</ref> [[Ocean Road Hospital]]  are early historical buildings in Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sutton |first=J.E.G. |year=1970 |title=Dar es Salaam: a sketch of a hundred years |journal=Tanzania Notes and Records |issue=71 |pages=}}</ref>