Editing Daniel Ortega (section)

==Early life==
===Early childhood===
Ortega was born in [[La Libertad, Nicaragua|La Libertad]] in [[Chontales Department]], Nicaragua,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ortega Saavedra, Daniel (1945–) |website=Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ortega-saavedra-daniel-1945|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162519/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ortega-saavedra-daniel-1945|url-status=live}}</ref> into a working-class family. His parents, Daniel Ortega Cerda and Lidia Saavedra, were opposed to the regime of [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. Ortega's mother was imprisoned by Somoza's [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] for being in possession of "love letters", which  police said were coded political missives. Ortega and his two brothers grew up to become revolutionaries. His late brother [[Humberto Ortega]] was a former [[general]], military leader, and published writer, and the third brother [[Camilo Ortega]] died fighting the Somoza regime in 1978. They had a sister, Germania, who died.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Jornada – Jueves, 5 de Mayo de 2005 |url=http://diario.lajornadanet.com/archivo/2005/mayo/05_05_05.html |work=lajornadanet.com |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115938/http://diario.lajornadanet.com/archivo/2005/mayo/05_05_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Juigalpa and Managua===
Seeking stable employment, the family migrated from [[La Libertad, Chontales|La Libertad]] to the provincial capital of [[Juigalpa, Chontales|Juigalpa]], and then to a middle-class neighborhood in [[Managua]].{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=186}} In Managua, Ortega and his brother studied at the upper-middle class high school, the LaSalle Institute, where Ortega was classmates with [[Arnoldo Alemán|Arnoldo Aleman]], who would go on to be mayor of Managua (1990–1995) and later President of Nicaragua (1997–2002). Ortega's father Daniel Ortega Cedra detested US military intervention in Nicaragua and Washington's support for the [[Somoza family|Somoza]] government. He imparted this [[anti-American sentiment]] to his sons.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=186}}

=== Early political activity===
From an early age, Ortega opposed Nicaragua's president [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]], and became involved in the underground movement against his government. Ortega and his brother Humberto formed the Insurrectionist, or Tercerista (Third Way) faction, culminating in the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]. After the overthrow and exile of Somoza Debayle's government, Ortega became leader of the ruling multi-partisan Junta of National Reconstruction.

Ortega was first arrested for political activities at the age of 15,<ref name="RT">{{Cite news |title=Five facts about Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N01359367.htm |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131112631/http://alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N01359367.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and quickly joined the then-underground [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] (FSLN) in 1963.<ref name="LP">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2007 |title=Daniel Ortega Saavedra, candidato presidencial del FSLN |trans-title=Daniel Ortega Saavedra, presidential candidate of the FSLN |url=http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/septiembre/15/elecciones/candidatos/143891.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520180905/http://www-ni.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/septiembre/15/elecciones/candidatos/143891.shtml |archive-date=20 May 2007 |access-date=11 May 2007 |work=La Prensa |language=es}}</ref> In 1964, Ortega travelled to [[Guatemala]], where the police arrested him and turned him over to the [[Nicaraguan National Guard]].{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=187}} After his release from detainment, Ortega arranged the assassination of his torturer, Guardsman Gonzalo Lacayo, in August 1967.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=187}}

=== Imprisonment===
He was imprisoned in 1967 for taking part in [[bank robbery|armed robbery]] of a branch of the [[Bank of America]]. He told collaborators that they should be killed if they did not take part in the robbery.<ref name="LO">{{Cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0902-05.htm|title=Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega; In the Lions' Den Again|last=Vulliamy|first=Ed|date=2 September 2001|work=[[The Observer]]|access-date=15 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223093439/http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0902-05.htm|archive-date=23 December 2007|url-status=dead|via=[[Common Dreams]]}}</ref> Ortega was released in late 1974, along with other Sandinista prisoners, in exchange for [[Somocista]] hostages. While imprisoned at the El Modelo jail, just outside [[Managua]], Ortega wrote poems, one of which he titled "I Never Saw Managua When Miniskirts Were in Fashion".<ref name="LO"/> During his imprisonment, Ortega was tortured.<ref name=":0">[[Bernard Diederich]], ''Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America'', p. 85.</ref> While he was incarcerated at El Modelo, his mother helped stage protests and hunger strikes for political prisoners; this resulted in improving the treatment of incarcerated Sandinistas.{{sfn|Kinzer|1991|p=188}}

=== Exile in Cuba===
Upon release in 1974, Ortega was exiled to [[Cuba]]. There he received training in [[guerrilla warfare]] from Fidel Castro's [[Marxist–Leninist]] government. He later returned secretly to Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hispanic Heritage in the Americas: Ortega, Daniel |url=https://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9057473 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182745/http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9057473 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sectional division within the FSLN===
In the late 1970s, divisions over the FSLN's campaign against Somoza led Ortega and his brother Humberto to form the Insurrectionist, or ''Tercerista'' (Third Way) faction.<ref name=":72">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Ortega, Daniel |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Nationalism: Leaders, Movements, and Concepts |publisher=Elsevier Science & Technology |location=Oxford, England |editor-last=Motyl |editor-first=Alexander|isbn=9780122272301}}</ref> The Terceristas sought to combine the distinct [[guerrilla war]] strategies of the two other factions, [[Tomás Borge]]'s ''Guerra Prolongada Popular'' (GPP, or [[Prolonged People's War]]), and [[Jaime Wheelock|Jaime Wheelock's]] ''[[Sandinista National Liberation Front#Split (1977–1978)|Proletarian Tendency]]''.<ref name="FSLNPostCollapse">{{Cite journal|last=Perez|first=Andres|date=1992|title=The FSLN after the Debacle: The Struggle for the Definition of Sandinismo|jstor=40925837|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|location=[[Cambridge]], England|volume=34|issue=4|pages=111–139|doi=10.2307/166151}}</ref> The Ortega brothers forged alliances with a wide array of anti-Somoza forces, including [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] activists, and other non-[[Marxist]] civil society groups.{{sfn|DeFronzo|2011|p=258}} The Terceristas became the most effective faction in wielding political and military strength, and their push for FSLN solidarity received the support of revolutionary leaders such as [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name="FSLNPostCollapse"/>

=== Marriage and family===
Ortega married [[Rosario Murillo]] in 1979 in a secret ceremony.<ref name="RT" /> They moved to [[Costa Rica]] with her three children from a previous marriage.<ref name="LO" /> Ortega remarried Murillo in 2005 in order to have the marriage recognized by the Catholic Church, as part of his effort to reconcile with the church. The couple has eight children,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cardenal Obando caso a Daniel Ortega y poetisa Rosario Murillo |date=28 September 2005 |url=http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_68__article_2094.htm |work=Cardinal Rating |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328203222/http://www.cardinalrating.com/cardinal_68__article_2094.htm |archive-date=28 March 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> three of them together.<ref name="RT"/> Murillo serves as the Ortega government's spokeswoman and a government minister, among other positions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran and Nicaragua in barter deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6931807.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 October 2007 |date=5 August 2007 |location=London |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6931807.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nicaragua-Venezuela Talk Cooperation |url=http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B9FB2EF41-A435-459E-8111-4B04A12681DA%7D)&language=en |work=Prensa Latina |access-date=15 January 2008 |quote="... Government minister and first lady, Rosario Murillo". |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117220408/http://plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B9FB2EF41-A435-459E-8111-4B04A12681DA%7D%29&language=en |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref> Ortega adopted stepdaughter [[Zoilamérica Narváez|Zoilamérica Ortega Murillo]] in 1986, through a court case.<ref name=envio1567>''Envio'', March 2002, No 248 [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1567 Case 12,230: ''Zoilamérica Narváez vs. the Nicaraguan State''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621180531/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1567 |date=21 June 2007 }}</ref><!-- Why just one stepdaughter? --> In 1998, she accused him of sexually abusing her as a child.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davison|first1=Phil|date=28 May 1998|title=Ortega faces sex abuse case from his stepdaughter|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ortega-faces-sex-abuse-case-from-his-stepdaughter-1156496.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="GUARD16">{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Jonathan|title=As Nicaragua's first couple consolidates power, a daughter fears for her country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/nicaraguas-first-couple-daniel-ortega-tighten-grip-power-election-win|access-date=4 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025021/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/nicaraguas-first-couple-daniel-ortega-tighten-grip-power-election-win|url-status=live}}</ref>