Editing Dalhousie University (section)

==History==
Dalhousie was founded, as the [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] [[George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie]], desired a non-denominational college in Halifax.<ref name="History and Tradition">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/about-dal/history-tradition.html|title=History and Tradition|publisher=Dalhousie University|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630235548/https://www.dal.ca/about-dal/history-tradition.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Financing largely came from customs duties collected by a previous Lieutenant Governor, [[John Coape Sherbrooke]], during the [[War of 1812]] occupation of [[Castine, Maine]];{{efn|The British named the colony [[New Ireland (Maine)|New Ireland]].}} Sherbrooke invested [[Pound sterling|£]]7,000 as an initial endowment and reserved £3,000 for the physical construction of the college.{{sfn|Waite|1997|p=10}} The college was established in 1818 though it faltered shortly after, as Ramsay left Halifax to serve as the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of British North America]].<ref name=dalhis>{{cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/about/history_tradition.html|title=History & Tradition|publisher=Dalhousie University|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604030845/http://www.dal.ca/about/history_tradition.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The school was structured upon the principles of the [[University of Edinburgh]], located near Ramsay's home in Scotland,{{sfn|Waite|1994b|p=18}} where lectures were open to male students, regardless of Christian religion or nationality.

In 1821, Dalhousie College was officially incorporated by the [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]] under the 1821 Act of Incorporation.{{sfn|Waite|1997|p=23}} The college did not hold its first class until 1838; operation of the college was intermittent and no degrees were awarded.<ref name=dalhis /> In 1841, an Act of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly conferred university powers on Dalhousie.{{sfn|Murray|2010|p=3}}

Dalhousie's first principal was [[Thomas McCulloch]]. A Presbyterian minister and naturalist, he was the founder of Nova Scotia's second degree-granting institution (after King's College, now [[University of King's College]]), [[Pictou Academy]] in [[Pictou]], Nova Scotia, which attracted students from PEI, Cape Breton, as well as the Caribbean<ref name=":0" /> due to McCulloch's views and the school's ecumenical stance.

In 1838, the board of Dalhousie College was able to convince McCulloch leave Pictou Academy and take on the floundering Dalhousie. With a reputation as an anti-papal pamphleteer<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=B. Anne |title=Thomas McCulloch's use of science in promoting a liberal education |journal=Acadiensis |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=57–58}}</ref> and firmly against the Church of England's hold on higher education in Nova Scotia (through King's College), McCulloch carried with him from Pictou his education theory and pedagogy, "If Dalhousie College acquires usefulness and eminence, it will be not by an imitation of Oxford, but as an institution of science, and practical intelligence."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=McCulloch |first1=William |title=The Life of Thomas McCulloch, D.D. |last2=McCulloch |first2=I. W. |last3=McCulloch |first3=J. W. |year=1920 |location=Truro |pages=42}}</ref> His approach to education was radical: he firmly believed that all schools "ought first to be ascertained, how far it is calculated to improve the community; and, if its general utility appear, it is, in proportion to its value and to the extent of the public funds, unquestionably entitled to the protection of Government, whether it belong to churchmen or [Presbyterian] dissenters, protestants or catholics, ought to be entirely disregarded!"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fingard |first=Judith |title="Attitudes towards the Education of the Poor in Colonial Halifax" |journal=Acadiensis |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=31}}</ref> He was responsible for creating a chair of natural history at Dalhousie to teach "geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Robin S. |title=A History of Higher Education in Canada 1663-1960 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1976 |isbn=0802033369 |location=Toronto |pages=33}}</ref>

Following McCulloch's death, the college fell into decline once again and was reorganized as a high school in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kernaghan |first1=Lois |last2=Murchland |first2=Peter |date=July 17, 2015 |title=Dalhousie University |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dalhousie-university |access-date=October 7, 2022 |website=Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> In 1863, the college opened for a third time and was reorganized by another legislative act, which added "University" to the school's name: "The Governors of Dalhousie College and University".{{sfn|Waite|1994b|p=95}}<ref name="dalsta">{{cite web|url=http://boardofgovernors.dal.ca/Files/Unoff_Consol-Statutes.pdf|title=Summary and unofficial consolidation of the statutes relating to Dalhousie University|publisher=Dalhousie University|date=February 2005|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006071646/http://boardofgovernors.dal.ca/Files/Unoff_Consol-Statutes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalhousie reopened with six professors and one tutor. When it awarded its first degrees in 1866, the student body consisted of 28 male students working toward degrees and 28 occasional students.<ref name="dalhis" /> 
[[File:Dalhousie College Halifax Canada 1871.jpg|thumb|The original Dalhousie College building in 1871. The university was situated at the [[Grand Parade (Halifax)|Grand Parade]] until it moved in 1886.|alt=Original Dalhousie University building circa 1871]]
Despite the reorganization and an increase in students, money continued to be a problem for the institution. In 1879, amid talks of closure due to the university's dire financial situation, [[George Munro (philanthropist)|George Munro]], a wealthy New York publisher with Nova Scotian roots, began to donate to the university; Munro was brother-in-law to Dalhousie's Board of Governors member [[John Forrest (Canadian clergyman)|John Forrest]]. As such, Munro is credited with rescuing Dalhousie from closure. In honour of his contributions, Dalhousie observes a university holiday called George Munro Day on the first Friday of each February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/about/history_tradition/george_munro_day.html|title=George Munro Day|publisher=Dalhousie University|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818151934/http://www.dal.ca/about/history_tradition/george_munro_day.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first female graduate was Margaret Florence Newcombe from [[Grafton, Nova Scotia]], who earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1885.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=6649&pid=0%255C |title=Cornwallis Reformed Presbyterian Covenanter Church |website=www.historicplaces.ca |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225225415/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=6649&pid=0%255C |url-status=live }}</ref>

Originally located at the space now occupied by [[Halifax City Hall]], the college moved in 1886 to Carleton Campus and spread gradually to Studley Campus.<ref name=dalhis /> Dalhousie grew steadily during the 20th century. From 1889 to 1962 the [[Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts|Halifax Conservatory]] was affiliated with and awarded degrees through Dalhousie.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maritime-conservatory-of-performing-arts-emc |first1=irley A. |last1=Blakeley |first2=Emily-Jane |last2=Orford |first3=Marie |last3=Smyth |title=Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608173821/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002215|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> In 1920, several buildings were destroyed by fire on the campus of the [[University of King's College]] in [[Windsor, Nova Scotia]]. Through a grant from the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Foundation]], King's College relocated to Halifax and entered into a partnership with Dalhousie that continues to this day.<ref name=kinhi>{{cite web |url=https://ukings.ca/campus-community/about-kings/history/ |title=History |publisher=University of King's College |access-date=24 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323214349/https://ukings.ca/campus-community/about-kings/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dalhousie expanded on 1 April 1997 when provincial legislation mandated an amalgamation with the nearby [[Technical University of Nova Scotia]]. This merger saw reorganization of faculties and departments to create the [[Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University|Faculty of Engineering]], [[Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University|Faculty of Computer Science]] and the Faculty of Architecture and Planning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://engineering.dal.ca/About%20Us/History.php|title=Notes on Engineering and the Origins of the Nova Scotia Technical College|publisher=Dalhousie University|date=7 October 2005|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921095139/http://engineering.dal.ca/About%20Us/History.php|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1997 to 2000, the Technical University of Nova Scotia operated as a constituent college of Dalhousie called Dalhousie Polytechnic of Nova Scotia (DalTech) until the collegiate system was dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.dal.ca/DUASC/FindingAids/UA_10/|title=The Archives of the Technical University of Nova Scotia: A Guide|publisher=Dalhousie University|date=April 2005|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407141225/http://www.library.dal.ca/DUASC/FindingAids/UA_10/|archive-date=7 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The legislation that merged the two schools also formally changed the name of the institution to its present form, Dalhousie University.<ref name="nslegislature.ca">{{cite web|url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/daltech.htm|title=Dalhousie-Technical University Amalgamation Act|publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly|date=8 June 1998|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-date=21 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821014507/http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/daltech.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September 2012, the [[Nova Scotia Agricultural College]] merged into Dalhousie to form a new [[Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University|Faculty of Agriculture]], located in [[Bible Hill, Nova Scotia]].<ref name="Dal name hailed in Bible Hill">{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/132032-dal-name-hailed-in-bible-hill|title=Dal name hailed in Bible Hill|work=Chronicle Herald|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903235944/http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/132032-dal-name-hailed-in-bible-hill|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/dalhousie-agricultural-college-discuss-merger-1.1111619|title=Dalhousie, Agricultural College discuss merger|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=20 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-date=24 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524142608/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2011/05/20/ns-dalhousie-agricultural-merger.html|url-status=live}}</ref>