Editing D. H. Lawrence (section)

==Life and career==
===Early life===
[[File:DH Lawrence birthplace museum - geograph-1814503.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[D. H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum]] in [[Eastwood, Nottinghamshire]]]]
Lawrence was the fourth child of Arthur John Lawrence, a barely literate miner at [[Brinsley Colliery]], and Lydia Lawrence (née Beardsall), a former [[pupil-teacher]] who had been obliged to perform manual work in a [[lace|lace factory]] due to her family's financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gillespie |first=Gavin |date=9 February 2024 |title=D.H. Lawrence 1885-1930: His Life, His Death, and Thereafter|url=https://www.dh-lawrence.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020604112958/http://www.lawrenceseastwood.co.uk/ |archive-date=4 June 2002 |access-date=24 May 2001 |website=DH Lawrence's Eastwood}}</ref> He spent his formative years in the [[coal mining]] town of [[Eastwood, Nottinghamshire|Eastwood]], [[Nottinghamshire]]. The house in which he was born, 8a Victoria Street, is now the [[D. H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum]]. His working-class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for some of his early works. Lawrence roamed out from an early age in the patches of open, hilly country and remaining fragments of [[Sherwood Forest]] in [[Felley]] woods to the north of [[Eastwood, Nottinghamshire|Eastwood]], beginning a lifelong appreciation of the natural world, and he often wrote about "the country of my heart"<ref>Letter to [[Rolf Gardiner]], 3 December 1926.</ref> as a setting for much of his fiction.

The young Lawrence attended Beauvale Board School<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/13/dh.lawrence D.H. Lawrence] (22 July 2008). ''TheGuardian.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</ref> (now renamed Greasley Beauvale D. H. Lawrence Primary School in his honour) from 1891 until 1898, becoming the first local pupil to win a [[county council]] scholarship to [[Nottingham High School]] in nearby [[Nottingham]]. He left in 1901,<ref name="nottingham1">{{cite web | url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/lawrence/biography.aspx | title=Brief Biography of DH Lawrence – the University of Nottingham}}</ref> working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywood's [[Surgical instrument|surgical appliances]] factory, but a severe bout of [[pneumonia]] ended this career. During his convalescence he often visited Hagg's Farm, the home of the Chambers family, and began a friendship with one of the daughters, Jessie Chambers, who would inspire characters he created in his writing. An important aspect of his relationship with Chambers and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books,<ref name="nottingham1908">{{cite web |last1=Worthen |first1=John | url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/lawrence/extendedbiography/chapter1.aspx | title=Chapter 1: Background and youth: 1885–1908 |website=Extended Biography of DH Lawrence |publisher= University of Nottingham |access-date=18 February 2025 |date=1997}}</ref> an interest that lasted throughout Lawrence's life.

In a private letter written in 1908, Lawrence voiced support for eugenics by the method of a "lethal chamber" to dispose of "all the sick, the halt, the maimed".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kershaw |first1=Ian |title=To Hell and Back |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0-141-98043-0 |page=20}}</ref>

[[File:DH Lawrence 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Lawrence at age 21 in 1906]]
In the years 1902 to 1906, Lawrence served as a [[pupil-teacher]] at the British School, Eastwood. He went on to become a full-time student and received a [[Qualified Teacher Status|teaching certificate]] from [[University College, Nottingham]] (then an external college of [[University of London]]), in 1908. During these early years he was working on his first poems, some short stories, and a draft of a novel, ''Laetitia'', which was eventually to become ''[[The White Peacock]].'' At the end of 1907, he won a short story competition in the ''[[Nottinghamshire Guardian]]'',<ref name="nottingham1908"/> the first time that he had gained any wider recognition for his literary talents.

=== Early career ===

In the autumn of 1908, the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London.<ref name="nottingham1908"/> While teaching in Davidson Road School, [[Croydon]], he continued writing.<ref name="nottingham2">{{cite web | url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/lawrence/extendedbiography/chapter2.aspx | title=Chapter 2: London and first publication: 1908–1912 – the University of Nottingham}}</ref> Jessie Chambers submitted some of Lawrence's early poetry to [[Ford Madox Ford]] (then known as Ford Hermann Hueffer), editor of the influential ''[[The English Review]]''.<ref name="nottingham2"/> Hueffer then commissioned the story ''[[Odour of Chrysanthemums]]'' which, when published in that magazine, encouraged [[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]], a London publisher, to ask Lawrence for more work. His career as a professional author now began in earnest, although he taught for another year.

[[File:DH Lawrence plaque.jpg|thumb|upright|Commemorative plaque in Colworth Road, [[Croydon]], south London ]]
Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel, ''[[The White Peacock]]'', appeared in 1910, Lawrence's mother died of [[cancer]]. The young man was devastated, and he was to describe the next few months as his "sick year". Due to Lawrence's close relationship with his mother, his grief became a major turning point in his life, just as the death of his character, Mrs. Morel, is a major turning point in his [[autobiographical novel]] ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'', a work that draws upon much of the writer's provincial upbringing. Essentially concerned with the emotional battle for Lawrence's love between his mother and "Miriam" (in reality Jessie Chambers), the novel also documents Lawrence's (through his protagonist, Paul) brief intimate relationship with Chambers that Lawrence had finally initiated in the Christmas of 1909, ending it in August 1910.<ref>Chambers Wood'','' Jessie (1935) ''D.H. Lawrence: A Personal Record.'' Jonathan Cape. p. 182.</ref> The hurt this caused Chambers and, finally, her portrayal in the novel, ended their friendship;<ref>Worthen, John (2005) ''D.H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider.'' Allen Lane. p. 132.</ref> after it was published, they never spoke again.

In 1911, Lawrence was introduced to [[Edward Garnett]], a [[publisher's reader]], who acted as a mentor and became a valued friend, as did his son [[David Garnett|David]]. Throughout these months, the young author revised ''Paul Morel'', the first draft of what became ''[[Sons and Lovers]]''. In addition, a teaching colleague, [[Helen Corke]], gave him access to her intimate diaries about an unhappy love affair, which formed the basis of ''[[The Trespasser (novel)|The Trespasser]]'', his second novel. In November 1911, Lawrence came down with a pneumonia again; once recovered, he abandoned teaching in order to become a full-time writer. In February 1912, he broke off an engagement to Louie Burrows, an old friend from his days in Nottingham and Eastwood.<ref name="nottingham2"/>

[[File:David Herbert Lawrence & Frieda von Richthofen 1914.jpg|thumb|left|D. H. Lawrence and [[Frieda Lawrence|Frieda]] in 1914]]
In March 1912, Lawrence met [[Frieda von Richthofen|Frieda Weekley (née von Richthofen)]], with whom he was to share the rest of his life. Six years his senior, she was married to [[Ernest Weekley]], his former [[Linguistics|modern languages]] professor at [[University College, Nottingham]], and had three young children. However, she and Lawrence [[eloped]] and left England for Frieda's parents' home in [[Metz]], a [[garrison town]] (then in Germany) near the disputed border with France. Lawrence experienced his first encounter with [[France–Germany relations|tensions between Germany and France]] when he was arrested and accused of being a British [[spy]], before being released following an intervention from Frieda's father. After this incident, Lawrence left for a small hamlet to the south of [[Munich]] where he was joined by Frieda for their "honeymoon", later memorialised in the series of love poems titled ''Look! We Have Come Through'' (1917).

During 1912 Lawrence wrote the first of his so-called "mining plays", ''[[The Daughter-in-Law]]'', written in [[East Midlands English|Nottingham dialect]]. The play was not performed or even published in Lawrence's lifetime.

[[File:D.H. Lawrence, 29 November 1915.jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Lawrence by [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]], 29 November 1915]]
From Germany, they walked southwards across the [[Alps]] to Italy, a journey that was recorded in the first of his travel books, a collection of linked essays titled ''Twilight in Italy'' and the unfinished novel, ''[[Mr Noon]]''.<ref>One of the eight chapters in ''Windswept: Walking the Paths of Trailblazing Women'', by [[Annabel Abbs]] ([[Tin House]] Books, 2021), is about Frieda Lawrence.</ref>

During his stay in Italy, Lawrence completed the final version of ''Sons and Lovers''. Having become tired of the manuscript, he allowed Edward Garnett to cut roughly 100 pages from the text. The novel was published in 1913 and hailed as a vivid portrait of the realities of working class provincial life.

Lawrence and Frieda returned to Britain in 1913 for a short visit, during which they encountered and befriended [[Literary criticism|critic]] [[John Middleton Murry]] and [[New Zealanders in the United Kingdom|New Zealand-born]] short story writer [[Katherine Mansfield]].

Also during that year, on 28 July, Lawrence met the Welsh tramp poet [[W. H. Davies]], whose nature poetry he initially admired. Davies collected [[autograph]]s, and was keen to have Lawrence's. [[Georgian poetry]] publisher [[Edward Marsh (polymath)|Edward Marsh]] secured this for Davies, probably as part of a signed poem, and also arranged a meeting between the poet and Lawrence and his wife. Despite his early enthusiasm for Davies' work, Lawrence's view cooled after reading ''Foliage''; whilst in Italy, he also disparaged ''Nature Poems'', calling them "so thin, one can hardly feel them".<ref>Stonesifer, Richard James (1963), ''W. H. Davies: A Critical Biography''. Jonathan Cape.</ref>

After the couple returned to Italy, staying in a cottage in Fiascherino on the [[Gulf of Spezia]] Lawrence wrote the first draft of what would later be transformed into two of his best-known novels, ''[[The Rainbow]]'' and ''[[Women in Love]]'', in which unconventional female characters take centre stage. Both novels were highly controversial and were [[Book censorship|banned]] on publication in the UK for [[obscenity]], although ''[[Women in Love]]'' was banned only temporarily. 
{{multiple image|align=right
 | footer    = Lawrence's house in [[Camden, London]] in 1915, with a close up of the commemorative [[blue plaque]] at the address
 | width     =
 | image1    = D H Lawrence - 1 Byron Villas, Vale of Health, Hampstead, London, NW3 1AR.jpg
 | width1    = 118
 | image2    = D.H. Lawrence (4624457121).jpg
 | width2    = 210
}}
''The Rainbow'' follows three generations of a Nottinghamshire farming family from the pre-industrial to the [[industrial age]], focusing particularly on a daughter, Ursula, and her aspiration for a more fulfilling life than that of becoming a housebound wife.<ref>Worthen, John (2005) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider.'' Allen Lane. p. 159.</ref> ''Women in Love'' delves into the complex relationships between four major characters, including Ursula of ''The Rainbow'' and her sister Gudrun. Both novels explore grand themes and ideas that challenged conventional thought on [[the arts]], politics, economic growth, gender, sexual experience, friendship, and marriage. Lawrence's views as expressed in the novels are now thought to be far ahead of his time. The frank and relatively straightforward manner in which he wrote about [[sexual attraction]] was ostensibly why the books were initially banned, in particular the mention of same-sex attraction; Ursula has an affair with a woman in ''The Rainbow'', and there is an undercurrent of attraction between the two principal male characters in ''Women in Love''.

While working on ''Women in Love'' in [[Cornwall]] during 1916–17, Lawrence developed a strong relationship with a Cornish farmer named William Henry Hocking, which some scholars believe was possibly romantic, especially considering Lawrence's fascination with the theme of homosexuality in ''Women in Love''.<ref>Maddox, Brenda (1994), ''D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage.'' New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 244 {{ISBN|0-671-68712-3}}</ref> Although Lawrence never made it clear whether their relationship was sexual, Frieda believed it was.<ref>Spalding, Francis (1997), ''[[Duncan Grant]]: A Biography''. p. 169: "Lawrence's views [i.e., warning [[David Garnett]] against homosexual tendencies], as [[Quentin Bell]] was the first to suggest and S. P. Rosenbaum has argued conclusively, were stirred by a dread of his own homosexual susceptibilities, which are revealed in his writings, notably the cancelled prologue to ''Women in Love.''"</ref> In a 1913 letter, he writes, "I should like to know why nearly every man that approaches greatness tends to homosexuality, whether he admits it or not...."<ref>Letter to Henry Savage, 2 December 1913</ref> He is also quoted as saying, "I believe the nearest I've come to perfect love was with a young coal-miner when I was about 16."<ref>Quoted in ''My Life and Times, Octave Five, 1918–1923'' by [[Compton MacKenzie]] pp. 167–168</ref> However, given his enduring and robust relationship with Frieda, it is likely that he was primarily what might be termed today [[bi-curious]], and whether he actually ever had homosexual relations remains an open question.<ref>Maddox, Brenda (1994), ''The Married Man: A Life of D. H. Lawrence.'' Sinclair-Stevenson, p. 276 {{ISBN|978-1-85619-243-9}}</ref>

Eventually, Frieda obtained her divorce from Ernest Weekley. Lawrence and Frieda returned to Britain shortly before the outbreak of [[World War I]] and were married on 13 July 1914. During this time, Lawrence worked with London intellectuals and writers such as [[Dora Marsden]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Ezra Pound]], and others connected with ''[[The Egoist (periodical)|The Egoist]]'', an important [[Literary modernism|Modernist]] [[literary magazine]] that published some of his work. Lawrence also worked on adapting [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]'s ''[[Manifesto of Futurism]]'' into English.<ref>See the chapter "Rooms in the ''Egoist'' Hotel," and esp. p. 53, in ''Clarke, Bruce (1996). Dora Marsden and Early Modernism: Gender, Individualism, Science.'' U of Michigan P. pp. 137–72. {{ISBN|978-0-472-10646-2}}.</ref> He also met the young Jewish artist [[Mark Gertler (artist)|Mark Gertler]], with whom he became good friends for a time; Lawrence would later express his admiration for Gertler's 1916 anti-war painting, ''[[Merry-Go-Round (Gertler painting)|Merry-Go-Round]]'' as "the best ''modern'' picture I have seen ... it is great and true."<ref>Haycock, (2009) ''A Crisis of Brilliance: Five Young British Artists and the Great War.'' p. 257</ref> Gertler would inspire the character Loerke (a sculptor) in ''Women in Love''.

Frieda's German parentage and Lawrence's open contempt for [[militarism]] caused them to be viewed with suspicion and live in near-destitution during wartime Britain; this may have contributed to ''[[The Rainbow]]'' being suppressed and investigated for its alleged [[obscenity]] in 1915.<ref>Worthen, John (2005) ''D.H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider.'' Allen Lane. p.164</ref> Later, the couple were accused of spying and signaling to [[German submarines]] off the coast of [[Cornwall]], where they lived at [[Zennor]]. During this period, Lawrence finished his final draft of ''[[Women in Love]]''. Not published until 1920,<ref name="newyorker.com">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/12/19/the-deep-end|title=The Deep End|first=Benjamin|last=Kunkel|magazine=The New Yorker|date=12 December 2005}}</ref> it is now widely recognized as a novel of great dramatic force and intellectual subtlety.

In late 1917, after constant harassment by the armed forces and other authorities, Lawrence was forced to leave Cornwall on three days' notice under the terms of the [[Defence of the Realm Act]]. He described this persecution in an autobiographical chapter of his novel ''[[Kangaroo (novel)|Kangaroo]]'' (1923). Lawrence spent a few months of early 1918 in the small, rural village of [[Hermitage, Berkshire|Hermitage]] near [[Newbury, Berkshire]]. Subsequently, he lived for just under a year (mid-1918 to early 1919) at Mountain Cottage, [[Middleton-by-Wirksworth]], [[Derbyshire]], where he wrote one of his most poetic short stories, ''[[Wintry Peacock]]''. Until 1919, poverty compelled him to shift from address to address.

During the [[1918 influenza pandemic]], he barely survived a severe attack of [[influenza]].<ref name="newyorker.com"/>

===Exile===
After the wartime years, Lawrence began what he termed his "savage pilgrimage", a time of voluntary exile from his native country. He escaped from Britain at the earliest practical opportunity and returned only twice for brief visits, spending the remainder of his life travelling with Frieda. This [[wanderlust]] took him to Australia, Italy, [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]), the United States, Mexico and the [[south of France]]. Abandoning Britain in November 1919, they headed south, first to the [[Abruzzo]] region in central Italy and then onwards to [[Capri]] and the Fontana Vecchia in [[Taormina]], Sicily. From Sicily they made brief excursions to [[Sardinia]], [[Monte Cassino]], [[Malta]], Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany.

Many of these places appear in Lawrence's writings, including ''[[The Lost Girl]]'' (for which he won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for fiction), ''[[Aaron's Rod (novel)|Aaron's Rod]]'' and the fragment titled ''[[Mr Noon]]'' (the first part of which was published in the Phoenix anthology of his works, and the entirety in 1984). He wrote [[novellas]] such as ''[[The Captain's Doll]]'', ''[[The Fox (novella)|The Fox]]'' and ''[[The Ladybird]]''. In addition, some of his short stories were issued in the collection ''[[England, My England and Other Stories]]''. During these years Lawrence also wrote poems about the natural world in ''[[Birds, Beasts and Flowers]]''.

Lawrence is often considered one of the finest travel writers in English. His travel books include ''Twilight in Italy'', ''Etruscan Places'', ''[[Mornings in Mexico]]'', and ''[[Sea and Sardinia]]'', which describes a brief journey he undertook in January 1921 and focuses on the life of [[Sardinia]]'s people.<ref>Luciano Marrocu, ''Introduzione'' to Mare e Sardegna (Ilisso 2000); [[Giulio Angioni]], ''Pane e formaggio e altre cose di Sardegna'' (Zonza 2002)</ref> Less well known is his eighty-four page introduction to [[Maurice Magnus]]'s 1924 ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'',<ref>Maurice Magnus. ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'' (Martin Secker, 1924; Alfred A. Knopf, 1925), introduction by D. H. Lawrence. Introduction reprinted in ''Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence'' (The Viking Press, Inc. 1970); in [https://archive.org/details/memoirofmauricem00lawr Lawrence, D. H., ''Memoir of Maurice Magnus'', Cushman, Keith, ed., Black Sparrow Press, 1987]; in ''Introduction and Reviews'' in ''The Cambridge Edition of the Works of D. H. Lawrence'' (2004); and in ''Life With a Capital L'', [[Penguin Group|Penguin Books Limited]] (also published by [[New York Review Books]] as ''The Bad Side of Books''), essays by D. H. Lawrence chosen and introduced by [[Geoff Dyer]] (2019).</ref> in which Lawrence recalls his visit to the monastery of [[Monte Cassino]]. Lawrence told his friend [[Catherine Carswell]] that his introduction to Magnus's ''Memoirs'' was "the best single piece of writing, as ''writing'', that he had ever done".<ref>Lawrence, D. H., ''Memoir of Maurice Magnus'', p. 9 (introduction by Keith Cushman).</ref>

His other nonfiction books include two responses to [[Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], ''Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious'' and ''Fantasia of the Unconscious''; ''Apocalypse and Other Writings on Revelation''; and ''[[Movements in European History]]'', a school textbook published under a pseudonym, is a reflection of Lawrence's blighted reputation in Britain.

===Later life and career===
In late February 1922, the Lawrences left Europe intending to migrate to the United States. They sailed in an easterly direction, however, first to Ceylon and then on to Australia. During a short residence in [[Darlington, Western Australia|Darlington]], Western Australia, Lawrence met local writer [[Mollie Skinner]], with whom he coauthored the novel ''[[The Boy in the Bush]]''. This stay was followed by a brief stop in the small coastal town of [[Thirroul]], New South Wales, during which Lawrence completed ''[[Kangaroo (novel)|Kangaroo]]'', a novel about local fringe politics that also explored his wartime experiences in Cornwall.<ref>Joseph Davis, D.H. Lawrence at Thirroul, Collins, Sydney, 1989</ref>

The Lawrences finally arrived in the United States in September 1922. Lawrence had several times discussed the idea of setting up a [[utopian community]] with several of his friends, having written in 1915 to Willie Hopkin, his old [[socialist]] friend from Eastwood: <blockquote>"I want to gather together about twenty souls and sail away from this world of war and squalor and found a little colony where there shall be no money but a sort of communism as far as necessaries of life go, and some real decency … a place where one can live simply, apart from this civilisation … [with] a few other people who are also at peace and happy and live, and understand and be free.…"<ref>Letter to Willie Hopkin, January 18th 1915</ref></blockquote>It was with this in mind that they made for [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], New Mexico, a [[Taos Pueblo|Pueblo]] town where many white [[Bohemianism|"bohemians"]] had settled, including [[Mabel Dodge Luhan]], a prominent socialite. Here they eventually acquired the 160-acre (0.65&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) Kiowa Ranch, now called the [[D. H. Lawrence Ranch]], in 1924 from Dodge Luhan in exchange for the manuscript of ''Sons and Lovers''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 6: Round the world and back again: Ceylon, Australia, America, Mexico, Europe, America 1922-1924 - The University of Nottingham |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/lawrence/extendedbiography/chapter6.aspx |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.nottingham.ac.uk}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mabel: A Biography of Mabel Dodge Luhan|last=Hahn|first=Emily|date=1977|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0395253496|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/mabelbiographyof00hahn/page/180 180]|oclc=2934093|url=https://archive.org/details/mabelbiographyof00hahn/page/180}}</ref> The couple stayed in New Mexico for two years, with extended visits to [[Lake Chapala]] and [[Oaxaca]] in Mexico. While Lawrence was in New Mexico, he was visited by [[Aldous Huxley]].

Editor and book designer [[Merle Armitage]] wrote a book about D. H. Lawrence in New Mexico. ''Taos Quartet in Three Movements'' was originally to appear in Flair Magazine, but the magazine folded before its publication. This short work describes the tumultuous relationship of D. H. Lawrence, his wife Frieda, artist [[Dorothy Brett]], and Mabel Dodge Sterne Luhan. Armitage took it upon himself to print 16 hardcover copies of this work for his friends. [[Richard Pousette-Dart]] executed the drawings for ''Taos Quartet'', published in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kYhAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Taos%20Quartet%22%20pousette-dart%20copyright&pg=RA1-PA10 | title=Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1951| year=1952}}</ref>

While in the U.S., Lawrence rewrote and published ''[[Studies in Classic American Literature]]'', a set of critical essays begun in 1917 and described by [[Edmund Wilson]] as "one of the few first-rate books that have ever been written on the subject".<ref>Wilson, Edmund, ''The Shock of Recognition''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1955, p. 906.</ref> These interpretations, with their insights into [[symbol]]ism, [[New England Transcendentalism]] and the [[Puritans|Puritan sensibility]], were a significant factor in the revival of the reputation of [[Herman Melville]] during the early 1920s. In addition, Lawrence completed new fictional works, including ''[[The Boy in the Bush]]'', ''[[The Plumed Serpent]]'', ''[[St Mawr]]'', ''[[The Woman who Rode Away]]'', ''[[The Princess (story)|The Princess]]'' and other short stories. He also produced the collection of linked [[Travel literature|travel essays]] that became ''[[Mornings in Mexico]]''.

A brief voyage to England at the end of 1923 was a failure and Lawrence soon returned to Taos, convinced his life as an author now lay in the United States. However, in March 1925 he suffered a near fatal attack of [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] while on a third visit to [[Mexico]]. Although he eventually recovered, the diagnosis of his condition obliged him to return once again to Europe. He was dangerously ill and poor health limited his ability to travel for the remainder of his life. The Lawrences made their home in a villa in Northern Italy near [[Florence]], where he wrote ''[[The Virgin and the Gipsy]]'' and the various versions of ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]'' (1928). The latter book, his last major novel, was initially published in private editions in Florence and Paris and reinforced his notoriety. A story set once more in Nottinghamshire about a cross-class relationship between a Lady and her gamekeeper, it broke new ground in describing their sexual relationship in explicit yet literary language. Lawrence hoped to challenge the British taboos around sex: to enable men and women "to think sex, fully, completely, honestly, and cleanly."<ref>''<nowiki>A Propos of Lady Chatterley's Lover</nowiki> and Other Essays'' (1961). Penguin, p. 89</ref> Lawrence responded robustly to those who took offense, even publishing satirical poems (''Pansies'' and ''Nettles'') as well as a [[Tract (literature)|tract]] on ''Pornography and Obscenity''.

The return to Italy allowed him to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to [[Aldous Huxley]], who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence's letters after his death, along with a memoir.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poller |first=Jake |date=January 2010 |title=The philosophy of life-worship: D.H. Lawrence and Aldous Huxley |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A243877849/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d06fd8eb |journal=D.H. Lawrence Review |volume=34–35 |via=Gale}}</ref> After Lawrence visited local archaeological sites (particularly old tombs) with artist [[Earl Brewster]] in April 1927, his collected essays inspired by the excursions were published as ''[[Sketches of Etruscan Places]]'', a book that contrasts the lively past with [[Benito Mussolini]]'s fascism.
Lawrence continued to produce short stories and other works of fiction such as ''[[The Escaped Cock]]'' (also published as ''The Man Who Died''), an unorthodox reworking of the story of Jesus Christ's [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]].

During his final years, Lawrence renewed his serious interest in oil painting. Official harassment persisted and an exhibition of his paintings at the Warren Gallery in London was raided by the police in mid 1929 and several works were confiscated.

===Death===
[[File:DH Lawrence floor stone, Westminster Abbey.jpg|thumb|D. H. Lawrence's memorial stone in [[Westminster Abbey]], London]]
Lawrence continued to write despite his failing health. In his last months he wrote numerous poems, reviews, and essays, as well as a robust defence of his last novel against those who sought to suppress it. His last significant works were ''Apocalypse'', a reflection on the [[Book of Revelation]], and ''Are Men of Today a Success?'', a posthumous contribution on the feminization of modern society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Scribner's, Vol. LXXXVII, No. 6, June, 1930 {{!}} D. H. LAWRENCE, Erskine CALDWELL, Waldo FRANK, contributor |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402221437/https://www.davidanthembookseller.com/pages/books/03751/d-h-lawrence-erskine-caldwell-waldo-frank-contributor/scribners-vol-lxxxvii-no-6-june-1930#expand |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> 

After being discharged from a [[sanatorium]], Lawrence died on 2 March 1930<ref name="nottingham1"/> at the Villa Robermond in [[Vence]], France, from complications of tuberculosis. Frieda commissioned an elaborate headstone for his grave bearing a mosaic of his adopted emblem of the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]].<ref>Squires, Michael (2008) ''D. H. Lawrence and Frieda.'' Andre Deutsch</ref> After Lawrence's death, Frieda lived with the couple's friend [[Angelo Ravagli]] on their [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] ranch and eventually married him in 1950. In 1935, Ravagli arranged, on Frieda's behalf, to have Lawrence's body exhumed and cremated. However, upon boarding the ship he learned he would have to pay taxes on the ashes, so he instead spread them in the Mediterranean, a more preferable resting place, in his opinion, than a concrete block in a chapel. The ashes brought back were dust and earth and remain interred on the Taos ranch in a small chapel amid the mountains of [[New Mexico]].<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 26982-26983). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref>