Editing Cyrus the Younger (section)

==Biography==
[[File:Artaxerxes II relief detail.jpg|thumb|upright|Relief depicting [[Artaxerxes II]], from his tomb at [[Naqsh-e Rostam]], [[Persepolis]]]]

According to Xenophon, Cyrus the Younger was born after the accession of his father in 424 BC.{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}} He had an elder brother, Arsicas (whose name changed to Artaxerxes II when he ascended the throne), and two younger brothers named Ostanes and Oxathres.  About Cyrus' childhood, Plutarch wrote, "Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Artaxerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and soft in its action."<ref name= Plutarch>{{cite book| author= Plutarch| editor= A. H. Clough| chapter= Artaxerxes| title= Plutarch's Lives| edition= 1996| chapter-url= http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/674/pg674.html | via= Project Gutenberg| access-date= }}</ref> Xenophon spoke more highly of Cyrus' excellence as a child:

<blockquote>In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship and for love of the animal itself. Nor less in matters of war, in the use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush at him, and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of many.<ref name=Xenophon>{{cite book| author= Xenophon| translator= H. G. Dakyns| title= Anabasis| chapter= I.IX | chapter-url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm |via= Project Gutenberg| access-date= }}</ref></blockquote>

===Satrap of Asia Minor (408-401 BC) and support for Sparta===
[[File:Meeting between Cyrus the Younger and Lysander, by Francesco Antonio Grue (1618-1673), maiolica with a dusting technique, Castelli manufacture, Abruzzo. Italy, 17th century.jpg|thumb|left|Meeting between Cyrus the Younger and Spartan general [[Lysander]] in [[Sardis]]. The encounter was related by [[Xenophon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rollin |first1=Charles |title=The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians |date=1851 |publisher=W. Tegg and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistorye03rollgoog/page/n123 110] |url=https://archive.org/details/ancienthistorye03rollgoog |language= en}}</ref> [[Maiolica]] decoration by [[Francesco Antonio Grue]] (1686–1746).]]

In 408 BC, after the victories of [[Alcibiades]] leading to an Athenian resurgence, Darius II decided to continue the war against [[Athens]] and give strong support to the [[Sparta]]ns. He sent Cyrus the Younger into [[Asia Minor]] as [[satrap]] of [[Lydia]] and [[Phrygia]] Major with [[Cappadocia]], and commander of the Persian troops, "which gather into the field of Castolos", i.e. of the army of the district of Asia Minor. There, Cyrus met the Spartan general [[Lysander]]. In him, Cyrus found a man who was willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the [[Peloponnesian War]].{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}} When Cyrus was recalled to [[Susa]] by his father [[Darius II|Darius]], he gave Lysander the revenues from all of his cities of Asia Minor.<ref>{{cite book| quote= He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father.| author= Xenophon| title= Hellenica| chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0206%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D14| chapter= 2.1.14| via= Perseus| access-date= }}</ref>

Around that time, Darius fell ill and called his son to his deathbed;<ref name= XenophonI-I>{{cite book| author= Xenophon| translator= H. G. Dakyns| title= Anabasis| chapter= I.I | chapter-url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1170/1170-h/1170-h.htm |via= Project Gutenberg| access-date= }}</ref> Cyrus handed money over to Lysander and went to [[Susa]].<ref>{{cite book| author= Plutarch| translator= A. H. Clough| title= Plutarch's Lives| edition= 1996| chapter= Lysander| chapter-url= http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/674/pg674.html |via= Project Gutenberg| access-date= }}</ref> Plutarch wrote that Cyrus's mother, Parysatis, favored him and wanted him on the throne, "And therefore, his father Darius now lying ill, he, being sent for from the sea to the court, set out thence with full hopes that by her means he was to be declared the successor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had the specious plea in his behalf, which Xerxes on the advice of Demaratus had of old made use of, that she had borne him Arsicas when he was a subject, but Cyrus when a king. Notwithstanding, she prevailed not with Darius, but the eldest son Arsicas was proclaimed king, his name being changed into Artaxerxes; and Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia, and commander in the maritime provinces."<ref name=Plutarch/>

Soon after Darius died, around the time of Artaxerxes II's accession in 404 BC,<ref>{{Cite book| url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951955827|title=Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East : In the Crucible of Empire |others=Collins, John J. (John Joseph), 1946-, Manning, Joseph Gilbert|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-33017-7| location= Leiden |oclc= 951955827}}</ref> [[Tissaphernes]] (Ciθrafarna) denounced Cyrus' plan to assassinate his brother, and Cyrus was captured, but by the intercession of Parysatis, Cyrus was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy. According to Plutarch, "his resentment for [his arrest] made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before."<ref name=Plutarch/>

In 405 BC, Lysander won the [[battle of Aegospotami]], and Sparta became more influential in the Greek world.{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}}

===Expedition against Artaxerxes II (401 BC)===
[[File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg|thumb|upright=2|[[Jean-Adrien Guignet]], ''Episode in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand'' (1842). The Greek mercenaries of Cyrus (the "[[Ten Thousand (Greek)|Ten Thousand]]"), are shown being encircled.]]

Cyrus managed to gather a large army by beginning a quarrel with Tissaphernes, satrap of [[Caria]], about the [[Ionia]]n towns; he also pretended to prepare an expedition against the [[Pisidia]]ns, a mountainous tribe in the [[Mount Taurus|Taurus]], which was never obedient to the Empire.<ref name= CLB1886>{{cite book | translator= Carleton L. Brownson |author= Xenophon | title= Anabasis |edition=1918 |publisher= Harvard University Press |place= Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/xenophon03xeno/page/18}}</ref>{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}}

In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army now including Xenophon's "[[Ten Thousand (Greek)|Ten Thousand]]", and advanced from [[Sardis]] without announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and large promises, he overcame the misgivings of the Greek troops over the length and danger of the war; a Spartan fleet of 35 [[trireme]]s under the command of [[Pythagoras the Spartan]] sent to [[Cilicia]] opened the passes of the [[Amanus]] into [[Syria]] and conveyed to him a Spartan detachment of 700 men under Spartan General [[Cheirisophus (general)|Cheirisophus]].{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}} Cyrus the Younger had obtained the support of the Spartans after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", in reference to the support he had given the Spartan in the [[Peloponnesian War]] against Athens a few years earlier.<ref>{{cite book | translator= Carleton L. Brownson |author= Xenophon | title= Anabasis |edition= 1918|publisher= Harvard University Press |place= Cambridge, Massachusetts | chapter= I-2-22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/xenophon03xeno/page/20}}</ref>

The king had only been warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes and gathered an army in haste; Cyrus advanced into Babylonia before he met with an enemy. In October 401 BC, the [[battle of Cunaxa]] ensued. Cyrus had 10,400 Greek [[hoplite]]s (citizen-soldiers), 2,500 [[peltast]]s (light infantry), and an Asiatic army of approximately 10,000 under the command of [[Ariaeus]].{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}}

According to Xenophon, Cyrus saw that the outcome depended on the fate of the king; he therefore wanted [[Clearchus of Sparta|Clearchus]], the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes. Clearchus, afraid of the army's encirclement, disobeyed and remained on the flank. As a result, the left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus' forces; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed to have killed the rebel himself, and Parysatis later took vengeance upon the slayer of her favourite son.{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}}

According to ''[[Plutarch]]'s Life of Artaxerxes'', a young Persian soldier named Mithridates unknowingly struck Cyrus the Younger during the [[Battle of Cunaxa]] ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Κούναξα), making him fall from his horse, dazed.  Some eunuchs found Cyrus and tried to bring him to safety, but a Caunian among the king's camp followers struck a vein behind his knee with a dart, making him fall and strike his head on a stone, whereupon he died. Unwisely, Mithridates boasted of killing Cyrus in the court, and Parysatis had him executed by [[scaphism]]. She likewise got vengeance on Masabates, the king's eunuch, who had cut off Cyrus' hand and head, by winning him from her son Artaxerxes in a game of dice and having him flayed alive.<ref name=Plutarch/>

The Persian troops, instead of attacking the Greeks via a direct assault, decoyed them into the interior, beyond the [[Tigris]], and then attacked through trickery. After their commanders had been taken prisoners, the Greeks managed to force their way to the [[Black Sea]].{{sfn|Meyer|1911|p=708}}