Editing Cumberland County, New Jersey (section)

==History==

===Etymology===
The county is named for [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] who is best remembered for his role in putting down the Jacobite Rising at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, which made him immensely popular throughout parts of Britain.

===Pre-settlement===
The first people to populate Cumberland County were early descendants of the [[Lenape]], also known as the Delaware, who include all [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people who have lived in New Jersey<ref name="Prehistorical Museum">{{cite web |title=Prehistorical Museum |website=Cumberland County Historical Society |language=en-US |url=https://cchistsoc.org/museums-hours/prehistorical-museum/ |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> Water sources such as the [[Cohansey River]] and [[Maurice River]] made Cumberland County a resourceful environment for early native groups to utilize.<ref name="Prehistorical Museum"/> Archaeological materials such as stone tools and pottery have been excavated in sites in Bridgeton and in [[Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey|Fairfield]], [[Greenwich Township, Warren County, New Jersey|Greenwich]] and [[Stow Creek Township, New Jersey|Stow Creek]] townships.<ref>Skinner, Alanson and Max Schrabisch, 1913. A Preliminary Report of the Archeological Survey of the State of New Jersey. Bulletin 9, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton. p. 54-57.</ref> Some of the earliest cultures that inhabited Cumberland County utilized clovis spear points which date to the Paleoindian period (10,000 BC to 8000 BC). As the climate switched from a tundra to woodlands during the archaic period (8000 BC to 1000 BC), ancestors of the Lenape developed axe technology, and later pottery during the woodland period (1000 BC to 1600 AD).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kraft |first=Herbert |title=The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage 10,000 BC to AD 2000 |publisher=Lenape Books |year=2001}}</ref> The prehistoric period ended when European exploration and settlement arrived in the area bringing with it greater technology which ultimately supplanted much of the Native populations. Today, many Lenape people still reside in Cumberland County, such as the Nanticoke tribe who make up the Native American people from Southern New Jersey and the Delmarva Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation |language=en |url=https://nlltribe.com/about-us/ |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref>

===History===
Early European settlement began with the Swedish who called what is now New Jersey [[New Sweden]] during the first half of the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Veit |first1=Richard |title=New Jersey: A History of the Garden State |last2=Lurie |first2=Maxine |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0813554099}}</ref> Prior to the United States gaining its independence from Great Britain, Cumberland County was deemed separate from Salem County in 1748 and was named after the Duke of Cumberland.<ref>[https://www.cumberlandcountynj.gov/history Cumberland County is Born], Cumberland County, New Jersey. Accessed June 5, 2023. "The Colonial Legislature, at a session held January 30, 1748, passed an Act stipulating the east side of Salem County as a new county to be known as Cumberland."</ref> Cumberland County's economic exploits were agricultural and manufacturing, more specifically the county focused on fruits and vegetables, as well as glassware and preserved foods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cumberland {{!}} county, New Jersey, United States {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cumberland-county-New-Jersey |access-date=November 15, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

America's early successes in glassmaking began in Southern New Jersey during the 18th century and eventually led to John Landis Mason of Vineland New Jersey to invent the mason jar for storing and preserving food at home during the 1850s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matchar |first=Emily |title=A Brief History of the Mason Jar |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/brief-history-mason-jar-180975546/ |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> Cumberland County's population has historically been "majority-minority".<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Penelope |title=The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |publisher=Rutgers University |year=2020 |chapter=Cumberland County, New Jersey}}</ref> Cumberland County went from holding one hundred and twenty enslaved people in 1790, to two by 1830.<ref name=":1"/> Cumberland County included several towns settled by Black Americans many of whom escaped slavery.<ref>Baehr, Judy. [https://www.cumberlandcountynj.gov/content/22596/23487/23497/24137.aspx "County's Towns Are What Makes the Region Tick"], Cumberland County, New Jersey. Accessed June 5, 2023.</ref> Parts of the county were used for the Underground Railroad, and housed Harriet Tubman and William Still.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Journey to Springtown |website=mycitypaper.com |url=https://mycitypaper.com/articles/111199/feat.cover1.shtml |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref>

===Maritime history===
In addition to agriculture and glassware, Cumberland County is known for its maritime industries. Its main maritime export was oysters until the 1950s when disease destroyed the oyster population.<ref>{{cite web |title=VIMS study uncovers new cause for intensification of oyster disease |website=Virginia Institute of Marine Science |language=en |url=https://www.vims.edu/newsandevents/topstories/2021/dermo_intensification.php |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref> With the oyster industry came shipbuilding in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCay |first=Bonnie J. |title=Oyster Wars and the Public Trust |date=March 1, 1998 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-4499-8 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1prss4r |jstor=j.ctv1prss4r |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1prss4r}}</ref> Later, the industrial revolution and railroad development increased the number of ships and the types of ships being made. By the late 19th century, ships switched from the sloop model to the schooner to be more useful for oystering.<ref>{{Citation |title=Riparian Rights and Oyster Wars on the Delaware Bay |date=March 1, 1998 |work=Oyster Wars and the Public Trust |pages=116–130 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1prss4r.19 |jstor=j.ctv1prss4r |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1prss4r |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref>

Whaling was also an industry in Cumberland County until 1775 when settlers turned to livestock, farming, and trapping.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=Sebold, Kimberly R. |title=Historic themes and resources within the New Jersey coastal heritage trail: southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay: Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem counties |date=1991 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record |oclc=23766401 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/23766401}}</ref> Caviar was a short-lived industry in the area from the 1860s to 1925, when sturgeon had been overfished.<ref name=":2" /> There are 19th and 20th century maritime related artifacts such as ship models, building plans, tools, and rigging equipment at the John Dubois Maritime Museum in [[Bridgeton, New Jersey|Bridgeton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The John DuBois Maritime Museum |website=Cumberland County Historical Society |language=en-US |url=https://cchistsoc.org/museums-hours/the-john-dubois-maritime-museum/ |access-date=November 15, 2022}}</ref>